Routledge

Editorial board . . viii
List of contributors . . ix
Introduction . . xiii
Acknowledgements . . xvi
How use this book . . xviii
Timeline for Japanese history . . xx
Thematic entry list . . xxi

Entries A-Z . . 1

Index . . 589

List of figures . . x
List of contributors . . xi
Editorial note . . xv
About Hero . . xvi
Acknowledgements . . xix

Foreword . . xxi
Introduction . . 1

PART I - Changing discourses of national identities and heroism . . 11
1 The political narrative(s) of Hero . . 13
2 Recycled heroes, invented tradition and transformed identity . . 27
3 Ruthless tyrant or compassionate hero?:   Chinese popular nationalism and the myth of state origins . . 43
4 The king, the musician and the village idiot: images of manhood . . 53

PART II - Transformations of cultural perception, genre and stardom . . 63
5 Twenty-first century women warriors: variations on a traditional theme . . 65
6 On tian xia ('all under heaven') in Zhang Yimou's Hero . . 78
7 Hero: rewriting the Chinese martial arts film genre . . 90
8 "Would you rather spend more time making serious cinema?": Hero and Tony Leung's polysemic masculinity . . 106
9 Fifteen minutes of fame: transient/transnational female stardom in Hero . . 121

PART III - Local vs. global: deconstructing global Chinese blockbusters . . 133
10 Camp pleasure in an era of Chinese blockbusters: Internet reception of Hero in mainland China . . 135
11 North American reception of Zhang Yimou's Hero . . 152
12 Heroic music: from Hunan to Hollywood and back . . 169
13 Visual effects magic: Hero's Sydney connection . . 184
14 Towards a global blockbuster: the political economy of Hero's nationalism . . 198

Filmography . . 212
Chinese Glossary: selected Chinese names and terms . . 217
Chinese dynasties at a glance . . 222
Index . . 223

Acknowledgements . . xix

1 Introduction . . 1
Terminology . . 3
Transliteration . . 4
Inclusive language . . 4

2 The sources . . 5
Tibetan material . . 5
Non-Tibetan material . . 8
Buddhism outside Tibet . . 10
Bon . . 11

3 Before death . . 12

4 Immediately after death . . 15
Spiritual concerns . . 16
Practical concerns . . 29
Comments on activities undertaken immediately after death . . 44

5 Disposal of the body . . 46
Burial (disposal in earth) . . 46
Immersion (disposal in water) . . 49
Cremation (disposal in fire) . . 52
Exposure (disposal in air) . . 59
Treatment of remains . . 72
Comments on the disposal of the body . . 77

6 Special cases . . 80
Holy persons . . 80
Nobility . . 86
Children . . 87
Old people . . 92
'Bad deaths' . . 93
Comments on special cases of disposal . . 94

7 Post-disposal rituals of benefit and protection . . 96
The transition through the intermediate state (bardo) . . 96
Rituals of benefit . . 100
Rituals of protection . . 116
The conclusion of the funeral rituals . . 122
It depends on what you pay . . 123
Comments on post-disposal rituals of benefit and protection . . 126

8 Remembering the deceased . . 130

9 Conclusion . . 134

Notes . . 138
Glossary . . 162
Bibliography . . 165
Index . . 177

Acknowledgments . . vii
Introduction . . 1

1 Christianity to 1500 . . 26
2 Protestant Europe . . 73
3 Catholic and Orthodox Europe . . 129
4 Latin America . . 181
5 Africa and Asia . . 228
6 North America . . 270
7 Conclusions . . 313

Notes . . 328
Index . . 344

List of illustrations . . vii
Preface . . viii
Acknowledgements . . xi
Introduction: History and the Environment . . xii

Chapter One Early Civilisations of the Northwest . . 1
Prehistory and the Indus civilisation . . 1
Immigration and settlement of the Indo-Aryans . . 12

Chapter Two The Great Ancient Empires . . 26
The rise of the Gangetic culture and the great empires of the east . . 26
Ashoka, the Beloved of the Gods . . 38
The end of the Maurya empire and the northern invaders . . 43
The classical age of the Guptas . . 54
Subjection and alliance: Shakas and Vakatakas . . 58
The rise of south India . . 63

Chapter Three The Regional Kingdoms of Early Medieval India . . 72
The rise and conflicts of regional kingdoms . . 72
Kings, princes and priests: the structure of Hindu realms . . 86
The emergence of regional kingdoms . . 88
Gods, temples and poets: the growth of regional cultures . . 96
India's impact on southeast Asia: causes and consequences . . 106

Chapter Four Religious Communities and Military Feudalism in the late Middle Ages . . 113
The Islamic conquest of northern India and the sultanate of Delhi . . 113
The problems of administrative penetration . . 125
The states of central and southern India in the period of the sultanate of Delhi . . 127

Chapter Five The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire . . 139
The great Mughals and their adversaries . . 139
Indian land power and European sea power . . 155
The struggle for supremacy in India . . 165

Chapter Six The Period of Colonial Rule . . 178
Company Bahadur: trader and ruler . . 178
The colonial economy . . 190
The regional impact of British rule . . 194
The pattern of constitutional reform . . 207

List of Illustrations . . vii

1 Introduction: Moving the Focus to the Public Sphere . . 1
2 Gender and Homeland in the Irish and Jewish Diasporas, 1850-1930 . . 14
3 Men and Women in Paris, 1870-1930 . . 38
4 Polish Liberators and Ostarbeiterinnen in Belgium During the Cold War: Mixed Marriages and their Differences for Immigrant Men and Women . . 54
5 Why Make a Difference? Migration Policy and Making Differences Between Migrant Men and Women (The Netherlands 1945-2005) . . 76
6 Children's Citizenship, Motherhood and the Nation State . . 97
7 Gendered Migrations and the Globalisation of Social Reproduction and Care: New Dialogues and Directions . . 118
8 About Cleanliness, Closeness and Reliability: Somali and Ethiopian Domestic Workers in Yemen . . 140
9 Where are the Girls? War, Displacement and the Notion of Home Among Sudanese Refugee Children . . 160

Contributors . . 179
Index . . 181

Notes on contributors . . vii

1 Introduction: assessing the backlash against multiculturalism in Europe . . 1
2 The rise and fall of multiculturalism?: new debates on inclusion and accommodation in diverse societies . . 32
3 British and others: From 'race' to 'faith' . . 50
4 From toleration to repression: the Dutch backlash against multiculturalism . . 72
5 'We're not all multiculturalists yet": France swings between hard integration and soft anti-discrimination . . 92
6 Denmark versus multiculturalism . . 111
7 Switzerland: a multicultural country without multicultural policies? . . 130
8 Germany: integration policy and pluralism in a self-conscious country of immigration . . 15
9 Dynamics of diversity in Spain: old questions, new challenges . . 170
10 Multiculturalism: a Canadian defence . . 190

Index . . 207

List of illustrations . . xii
Acknowledgements . . xiii
List of abbreviations . . xv

Introduction . . 1
1 Why and how to study European solidarity? . . 7
2 Analytical categories in conceptualizing solidaristic behaviour . . 30
3 Presentation of cases . . 50
4 The vertical dimension of Europeanization of the trade union movement . . 80
5 Interaction and action as transformational mechanisms . . 106
6 Framing solidarity: interests, identification and reciprocity . . 133
7 Situational mechanisms: market integration and trade unions . . 163
Conclusion . . 180

Appendix - list of interviewees . . 190
Notes . . 192
Bibliography . . 201
Index . . 217

Illustrations . . vii
Preface . . xi
Acknowledgements . . xvii
DVD Acknowledgements . . xviii

1 First Day: Acting Therapy - The Voice and the Life - The beginnings . . 1
2 Second Day: Techniques - 'Sing your Life'- Teachers and masters - Grotowski and the company . . 11
3 Third Day: Paratheatre — The Organic Life and the Process — Ryszard Cieślak . . 29
4 Fourth Day: Meeting with the unknown — Montage . . 38
5 Fifth Day: The 'Body Alphabet' . . 35
6 Images of the 'Body Alphabet' . . 66
7 Sixth Day: The text - Organic and cultural differences - Voice as a vehicle . . 93
8 Seventh Day: The attention - Necessity, Organic Process, nostalgia . . 109
9 Eighth Day: The productions — Meeting Grotowski - The Teatr Laboratorium . . 121
10 Ninth Day: Colleagues and collaborators . . 146

Appendix: Grotowski, Theatre and Beyond From Stanislavski to Grotowski - The Theatre of Productions (1959-69) - Paratheatre (1970-78) - Theatre of Sources (1979-82) and after . . 157

Photographs . . 167
Notes . . 188