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List of Figures . . vii
Acknowledgments . . ix

Introduction . . 1

1 Customs and Cuisine . . 11
Diets and Food Lore in Warring States and Han China . . 14
Meat and Morals . . 26
Banquets . . 34
Cenat Confucius . . 42

2 Cooking the World . . 49
The Butcher and the Cook . . 49
Cooking and Harmony . . 59
Yi Yin and Fundamental Tastes . . 65
Cosmic Dining . . 76

3 Sacrifice and Sense . . 83
Offering the Tasteless . . 84
Spirit and Spirits . . 95
Searching for Spirit . . 106

4 The Economics of Sacrifice . . 122
Sacrificial Levies . . 124
Monthly Ordinances . . 128
Maintenance Towns and Personnel . . 134
Spirit Commerce . . 143
Regulating Sacrifice . . 148
Gifts for Spirits, Goods for Mortals . . 152
The Rhetoric of Plenty . . 157

5 Sages, Spirits, and Senses . . 167
Olfaction . . 168
Seeing and Hearing . . 174
Sensory Synthesis . . 178
Sages, Screens, and Earplugs . . 191
The Clairvoyant and the Blind . . 196

Concluding Remarks . . 203

Bibliography . . 207
Index . . 227

List of Boxes, Figures, and Maps . . ix
Preface . . xi

1 In the beginning: Religion and history . . 1

2 Ming China: The fourteenth century's new world order . . 15
I. Religious foundations of late imperial China . . 15
II. The emperor monk: Zhu Yuanzhang and the new Confucian state . . 36

3 The Buddha and the shogun in sixteenth-century Japan . . 53
I. Religious foundations of medieval Japan . . 53
II. Burning monks: The assault on Buddhism . . 66

4 Opportunities lost: The failure of Christianity, 1550-1750 . . 72
I. The Society of Jesus comes to Asia . . 72
II. The roots of conflict and the long road home . . 84

5 Buddhism: Incarnations and reincarnations . . 94
I. Bodhisattvas and barbarians: Buddhism in Ming and Qing China . . 94
II. The gilded cage: Funerary Buddhism during the Tokugawa . . 105
III. Samurai and nothingness: Zen and the Japanese warrior elite . . 113

6 Apocalypse now . . 123
I. Why the world keeps ending . . 123
II. The White Lotus: Six centuries of Chinese heresy, 1360-1860 . . 131

7 Out of the twilight: Religion and the late nineteenth century . . 142
I. Fists of Justice and Harmony: Christian mission and the last stand of Chinese traditionalism . . 142
II. Kill the Buddha! Shinto and the new traditionalism of Meiji Japan . . 151

8 Into the abyss: Religion and the road to disaster during the early twentieth century . . 161
I. Toward Confucian fascism: China searches for direction . . 161
II. Spirit of the rising sun: Japanese religious militarism . . 179

9 Brave new world: Religion in the reinvention of postwar Asia . . 194
I. Opiate of the masses: Why Marxism opposes religion . . 194
II. The people's faith: How religion survived China's socialist paradise . . 202
III. The peace paradigm and search for meaning in Japan . . 215

10 The globalization of Asian religion . . 224

Glossary . . 231
Timeline of dynasties and major events . . 237
Suggestions for further reading . . 239
Index . . 245

Acknowledgements . . ix

1. Introduction . . 1
1. Problems with research on sexism . . 5
2. My theoretical position . . 22
3. Structure of the book . . 33

2. Overt sexism . . 35
1. Hate speech and sexism . . 38
2. Contexts of sexism . . 40
3. Types of overt sexism . . 41
4. Sexism, racism and homophobia . . 73

3. Language reform . . 77
1. Institutional language change . . 78
2. Strategies of reform . . 83
3. Effectiveness of reform . . 91
4. Responses to anti-sexist campaigns . . 97

4. 'Political correctness' . . 100
1. Development of the term 'political correctness' . . 106
2. 'Political incorrectness' . . 108
3. Anti-sexist campaigns and 'political correctness' . . 114
4. Model of 'political correctness' and anti-sexism . . 119

5. Indirect sexism . . 124
1. Language as a system . . 124
2. Stereotypes . . 126
3. Institutions and language . . 132
4. Indirect sexism . . 133
5. Types of indirect sexism . . 140
6. Challenging indirect sexism . . 152

6. Conclusions . . 154
1. Public sensitivity to issues of sexism . . 154
2. Why analyse sexism . . 155
3. Why reform matters . . 156
4. Should we accept sexism? . . 157

Bibliography . . 162
Index . . 174