Wroclaw University Library

FOREWORD . . 9

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION - SETTING THE SCENE . . 11
Introduction, project background and objectives . . 11
Literature and data collection issues . . 13
A brief overview of key international instruments concerning trafficking in human beings and forced labour . . 17
The three country reports . . 24
References . . 26

WORK ON ANY TERMS: TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND EXPLOITATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN FINLAND . . 31
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION . . 31
1.1 Terminology . . 32
1.2 National legislation . . 33
CHAPTER 2: THE FINNISH CONTEXT . . 39
2.1 Institutional framework and data collection . . 39
2.2 Previous research in Finland . . 40
2.3 Reported crimes and court judgements . . 42
2.4 The assistance system for victims of human trafficking . . 43
2.5 The number of migrant workers in Finland . . 44
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 48
3.1 The research questions . . 48
3.2 Expert interviews . . 49
3.3 Victim interviews . . 51
3.4 Court data . . 53
3.5 Pre-trial investigation materials . . 58
3.6 Media material . . 59
3.7 National expert meetings . . 60
CHAPTER 4: BEFORE ARRIVING IN FINLAND . . 61
4.1 Countries of origin and sectors . . 61
4.2 Victims and exploited workers . . 63
4.3 Perpetrators . . 64
4.4 Recruitment . . 66
4.5 Work permits . . 73
4.6 Travel arrangements . . 75
CHAPTER 5: FORMS OF EXPLOITATION IN FINLAND . . 77
5.1 Physical control . . 77
5.2 Other means of control . . 81
5.3 Economic control and other deficiencies regarding the terms of employment . . 90
CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFYING AND HELPING VICTIMS . . 106
6.1 How cases of exploitation are found out . . 106
6.2 Victim identification . . 107
6.3 Assisting victims of human trafficking within the official system of assistance . . 111
6.4 Victims' experiences and views regarding assistance and help . . 113
CHAPTER 7: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND COURT PROCEEDINGS . . 116
7.1 Which unit is responsible for the investigation? . . 116
7.2 The length of the investigation . . 118
7.3 Interrogation . . 119
7.4 Problems regarding the evidence . . 121
7.5 Difficult crime labels and elements of crimes . . 122
7.6 Prosecution and non-prosecution . . 124
7.7 Lenient sanctions . . 125
7.8 The satisfaction of the victims and its impact on the criminal justice process . . 126
CHAPTER 8: WHAT IS TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR? . . 130
8.1 The definition of human trafficking . . 130
8.2 Examples from other countries . . 132
8.3 Conclusions related to the definition . . 135
CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 138
SOURCES AND REFERENCES . . 142

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR IN POLAND . . 165
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY . . 165
CHAPTER 2: THE POLISH CONTEXT . . 171
2.1 Social context . . 172
2.2 Legal context . . 173
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 184
3.1 Research questions . . 184
3.2 Data and methods used . . 185
3.3 Ethical questions related to the research . . 191
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH RESULTS . . 193
4.1 General information about the forced labour phenomenon in Poland . . 193
4.2 Modus operandi of the perpetrators . . 196
4.3 Who are the victims? . . 198
4.4 Who are the perpetrators? . . 200
4.5 Working conditions and salary . . 202
4.6 Means of control used against the victims . . 203
4.7 Economic sectors affected . . 206
4.8 The legal status of the victims in the country of destination . . 208
4.9 Other related phenomena - agency or leased workers . . 209
4.10 Impacts of the recession . . 211
CHAPTER 5: LAW IN PRACTICE AND LAW IN ACTION, I.E. HOW THE JUSTICE SYSTEM AND LAW ENFORCEMENT DEFINE FORCED LABOUR . . 213
5.1 The difficulty of defining human trafficking . . 214
5.2 How the courts and prosecutors defined human trafficking for forced labour . . 216
CHAPTER 6: SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM OF ELIMINATION OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR FORCED LABOUR . . 220
6.1 Prevention . . 220
6.2 Identification of victims . . 220
6.3 Prosecution of the offence of trafficking in human beings for forced labour . . 224
6.4 Punishing of the offence of trafficking in human beings for forced labour . . 227
6.5 Assistance to victims . . 228
CHAPTER 7: HOW TO DO A STUDY ON TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR . . 232
7.1 General remark . . 232
7.2 Interviews with experts (mostly law enforcement and state officials) . . 232
7.3 Official data from all possible institutions . . 233
7.4 Press analysis . . 233
7.5 Criminal cases - law in action studies . . 234
7.7 Interviews with perpetrators . . 235
7.8 Public opinion polls . . 236
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 237
LITERATURE . . 241
Specific sources of information referred to in Chapter 3 . . 244
List of interviewed experts . . 245

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCFD T.AROUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION IN ESTONIA . . 246
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . . 246
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK . . 248
2.1 National definitions . . 248
2.2 Reflections on the current national situation . . 249
CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS . . 254
3.1 Research questions . . 254
3.2 Data and methods used . . 254
3.3 Ethical questions related to the study . . 259
CHAPTER 4: LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS . . 261
4.1 Procedural issues of labour exploitation cases . . 261
4.2 Lack of the legislation . . 264
4.3 Legislation amendments and developments . . 266
CHAPTER 5: PROBLEMATISATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION . . 269
5.1 Media analysis . . 269
5.2 Labour migration to Estonia . . 275
5.3 Labour migration from Estonia . . 279
CHAPTER 6: THE NATURE OF EXPLOITATION . . 282
6.1 Recruitment . . 283
6.2 Elements of exploitation . . 285
6.3 Vulnerabilities of victims . . 291
CHAPTER 7: INSTITUTIONS AND AUTHORITIES DEALING WITH HUMAN TRAFFICKING . . 295
7.1 Citizenship and migration division of police . . 295
7.2 Centre of extradition . . 295
7.3 Estonian embassies abroad . . 296
7.4 Labour market organisations . . 297
7.5 Police . . 297
7.6 Prosecutor's office . . 299
7.7 The Labour inspectorate . . 300
7.8 Trade unions . . 301
CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 303
8.1 Summary . . 303
8.2 Recommendations . . 306
REFERENCES . . 308

TRAFFICKING FOR FORCED LABOUR: PROJECT SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . 312
Summary of project activities . . 312
Pilot methodology . . 314
Summary of the research findings . . 317
Conclusions and recommendations . . 319
Literature . . 322

Annex 1: Pilot methodology table . . 324
Annex 2: Infopaper for Expert Interviews (Template) . . 334
Annex 3: Thematic Interview Template for Expert Interviews . . 335
Annex 4: Infopaper for Victim Interviews (Template) . . 337
Annex 5: Thematic Interview Template for Victim Interviews . . 338
Annex 6: Questionnaire of analysis of criminal cases in Poland . . 341
Annex 7: Questionnaire for the interviews with the victims of forced labour and for court cases analysis in Poland . . 343

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . ix
INTRODUCTION . . 1

1 THE NEW MEDIASPEAK - MEDIA LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY TODAY . . 17
35 common media descriptions . . 17
What is Web 2.0 and what is all the fuss about? . . 32
A timeline of key Web developments: Web 1.0 - Web 3.0 . . 46

2 UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIASCAPE - PHILOSOPHIES AND THEORIES OF EMERGENT MEDIA . . 59
Major traditions of media critique . . 60
Media barons versus net neutrality . . 68
The digital divide . . 77
Community and social capital . . 84
Technological determinism . . 93
The less travelled middle ground and the beauty of grey . . 97

3 SORTING MYTHS AND CYBERBOLE FROM TRENDS AND TIPPING POINTS . . 105
The end of endism . . 105
The myth of cyberspace and cyberculture . . 107
The disappearing computer and communications network . . 114
Media are immaterial . . 115
Audience fragmentation and demassification . . 120

4 THE FUTURE OF COMMUNITY AND CULTURE . . 137
Reclaiming folk culture . . 138
Identity construction - new 'technologies of the self' . . 140
Anomie or social glue? . . 146
Engaging youth - generations X, Y and C . . 148
When autonomy and individualism are important - online 'greys' . . 151

5 THE FUTURE OF MEDIATED POLITICS . . 155
The mediated public sphere . . 157
The emergent public sphere . . 160
E-democracy and e-government - the role of emergent media . . 175

6 THE FUTURE OF JOURNALISM . . 209
Four converging changes . . 211
The loss of journalists . . 212
The loss of time . . 215
The loss of 'gatekeepers' . . 221
The loss of 'truth', 'objectivity' and source credibility . . 229
The loss of audiences . . 239
Opportunities for a 'new new journalism' . . 242

7 THE FUTURE OF ADVERTISING . . 253
Structural as well as economic challenges . . 254
The audiences that got away . . 256
Evolving approaches in advertising . . 257
Future approaches - Relevancy Advertising and other ways to 'ad value' . . 268

8 FUTURE MEDIA BUSINESS MODELS . . 277
Emergent business models . . 281
Beyond advertising . . 292
The Attention Economy . . 296
Market intelligence and data v privacy . . 297
E-commerce to v-commerce . . 303

9 THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS . . 307
Unspinning spin . . 308
Conversations, dialogue, relationships - rediscovering authenticity . . 316
Emergent media monitoring and analysis . . 318
Emergent media relations . . 322

10 THE FUTURE FOR ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS . . 327
Transparency - four billion mobile/cell phones are watching . . 329
Security and governance . . 330
Beyond brand to reputation and relationships . . 331
Opportunities - the Long Tail and beyond . . 332

CONCLUSIONS . . 335
REFERENCES . . 351
INDEX . . 397

Acknowledgments . . vii
Introduction . . I
1 The Editors and the Cartoonists . . 13
2 The Path to a Showdown . . 35
3 The Diplomatic Protest against the Cartoons . . 63
4 Muslims'"Day of Rage" . . 83
5 Seeking the Third Way . . 114
6 Muslim Iconoclasm and Christian Blasphemy . . 131
7 Danish Intolerance and Foreign Relations . . 147
8 The Freedom Agenda Rebound . . 167
Chronology . . 185
Notes . . 201
Index . . 221

Acknowledgments . . ix
Prologue . . xi
Introduction: the field of poppies . . xvii

1 The empty ritual . . 1
Word bridges . . 1
Where do I come from? . . 4
A plurality of dramaturgies . . 8

FIRST INTERMEZZO: The children of silence . . 15

2 Organic dramaturgy as a level of organisation . . 23
The actor's dramaturgy . . 23
The ritual of Disorder . . 35
Sonorous dramaturgy . . 40
Dramaturgy of the space . . 45
Prepare for life and arms . . 50
The moment of truth . . 53

SECOND INTERMEZZO: What the actors say and the director's reflections . . 59

3 Narrative dramaturgy as a level of organisation . . 83
Creative thought . . 83
From glance to vision . . 88
Who made me what I am? . . 94
Knots . . 98
Simultaneity: narrating according to the laws of space . . 101
Exu: swimming in a lasting presence . . 106
The origin of the Odin Road . . 108
Not text, but narrative context . . 113
Centre of the book . . 122
Working for the text and working with the text . . 123
Kaosmos . . 130
Chained to an oar . . 146

THIRD INTERMEZZO: Twenty years later . . 149

4 Evocative dramaturgy as a level of organisation . . 169
The Trans-Siberian . . 169
The torrid zone of memory . . 173
Winds that burn . . 177
The spectator's dramaturgy . . 183  
The elusive order . . 187
Shadows like roots . . 190

FOURTH INTERMEZZO: What a notebook says . . 191

5 Theatre-in-liberty . . 201
Burning the house . . 202
A dramaturgy of dramaturgies . . 204
Letter from the director to his friend and adviser Nando Taviani . . 207
Incursions and irruptions . . 210

Epilogue . . 212
Envoi . . 213
Notes . . 217

Preface . . 1
Introduction: Blurring Rhetorical Borders . . 3

I. React: Maintaining a Fan Community
Essays
1. The Inter(Active) Soap Opera Viewer: Fantastic Practices and Mediated Communities . . 19
2. Going Deep: What Online Sports Culture Teaches Us About the Rhetorical Future of Social Networks . . 33
3. Spoiling Heroes, Enhancing Our Viewing Pleasure: NEC's Heroes and the Re-Shaping of the Televisual Landscape . . 45
4. History, the Trace, and Fandom Wank . . 58
5. Writing Wonder Women: How Playful Resistance Leads to Sustained Authorial Participation at Sequential Tart . . 70
Profiles
6. What the Frell Happened? Rhetorical Strategies of the Farscape Community . . 83
7. The Realtime Forum Fan . . 86
8. "As Seen on The Colbert Report": Or, Why I Love Reality TV . . 90

II. Re-Mix: Participating in Established Narratives
Essays
9. Making Our Voices Heard: Young Adult Females Writing Participatory Fan Fiction . . 95
10. Dungeons and Dragons for Jocks: Trash Talking and Viewing Habits of Fantasy Football League Participants . . 106
11. Alternate Universes on Video: Ficvid and the Future of Narrative . . 117
Profiles
12. Dean, Mal and Snape Walk into a Bar: Lessons in Crossing Over . . 132
13. Stars of a Different Variety: Stealth Teaching Through Fanfic . . 135

III. Re-Create: Creating Narratives within Established Frames
Essays
14. Writing and Rhetoric for a Ludic Democracy: YouTube, Fandom, and Participatory Pleasure . . 141
15. World of Rhetcraft: Rhetorical Production and Raiding in World of Warcraft . . 152
16. Rekindling Rhetoric: Oratory and Marketplace Culture in Guild Wars . . 162
17. Virtual Guerrillas and a World of Extras: Shooting Machinima in Second Life . . 174
18. Remix, Play, and Remediation: Undertheorized Composing Practices . . 186
Profiles
19. Conf(us)(ess)ions of a Videogame Role-Player . . 198
20. Born Again in a Fictional Universe: A Participant Portrait of EVE Online . . 201
21. A Place to Call Home: The Experience of One Guild Chat in World of Warcraft . . 204
22. Magic Canvas: Digital Building Blocks . . 207

IV. Teaching the Digital Generation
Essays
23. Encouraging Feedback: Responding to Fan Fiction at Different Colored Pens . . 213
24. MetaSpace: Meatspace and Blogging Intersect . . 226
25. Meeting the Digital Generation in the Classroom: A Reflection on the Obstacles . . 239
Profiles
26. Making Dorothy Parker My MySpace Friend: A Classroom Application for Social Networks . . 252
27. Novel Cartographies, New Correspondences . . 255

About the Contributors . . 259
Index . . 265

Preface . . vii
Acknowledgments . . xii

PART ONE: EARLY ITALIAN CINEMA
1 The Silent Era . . 1
2 The Coming of Sound and the Fascist Era . . 20

PART TWO: ITALIAN NEOREALISM
3 Masters of Neorealism: Rossellini, De Sica, and Visconti . . 61
4 Exploring the Boundaries of Neorealism . . 98
5 The Break with Neorealism: The Cinema Reconstruction Fellini's Trilosies of Character and Grace, and the Return of Melodrama . . 127

PART THREE: THE GOLDEN AGE OF ITALIAN CINEMA
6 The Italian "Peplum": The Sword and Sandal Epic . . 159
7 Commedia all'italiana: Comedy and Social Criticism . . 180
8 Neorealism's Legacy to a New Generation, and the Italian Political Film . . 217
9 The Mateur Auteurs: New Dimensions in Film Narrative in Visconti, Antonioni, De Sica, and Fellini . . 259
10 The Spaghetti Nightmare: Horror Films from the 1950s to the Present . . 306
11 A Fistful of Pasta: Sergio Leone and the Spaghetti Western . . 338
12 Mystery, Gore, and Mayhem: The Italian Giallo . . 372
13 Myth, Marx, and Freud in Pier Paolo Pasolini and Bernardo Bertolucci . . 416
14 The Poliziesco: Italian Crime Films from the 1970s to the Present . . 453

PART FOUR: GENERATIONAL CHANGE IN THE CONTEMPORARY ITALIAN CINEMA
15 The Old Guard Never Surrenders: Italy's Prewar Auteurs in the 1980s and 1990s . . 497
16 The Third Wave: A New Generation of Auteurs . . 519
17 Italian Cinema Enters the Third Millennium . . 557

Notes . . 567
Bibliography . . 593
Photo Credits . . 646
Index . . 647

I. L'AVANT-GARDE ET SES AVATARS. LES MANIFESTES DADA . . 19
II. DADA ET SON ETAPE ROUMAINE . . 71
III. ÉCLOSION ET CONTINUITÉ DANS L'AVANT-GARDE ROUMAINE . . 115
IV. DADAÏSME, SURREALISME ET AUTRES «ISMES» . . 157
V. SOUS LE SIGNE DES AVANT-GARDES CONTEMPORAINS . . 331
VI. L'AVANT-GARDE ET LES AVENTURES DE LA MODERNITE . . 375
VII. À PROXIMITE DE L'AVANT-GARDE . . 483
VIII. H. PRODUCTIONS POETIQUES BUR LES «CAHIERS TRISTAN TZARA» . . 517
IX. L'ESPRIT DADA ET LE THEATRE CONTEMPORAIN . . 587

Lietuvos Respublikos kultūros ministro sveikinimo žodis . . 10
Lenkijos Respublikos kultūros ir nacionalinio paveldo ministro sveikinimo žodis . . 12
Žalgirio atodangos . . 14
Žalgirio pergalės minėjimo tradicija . . 20
Didžiojo karo (1409-1411) chronologija . . 24
Trumpai apie Žalgirio mūšį . . 28
„Lietuvių pabėgimas" iš Žalgirio mūšio . . 33
Marso aidai Krokuvos katedroje . . 44
Karaliaus Vladislovo Jogailos portretai . . 67
Vilniaus katedra - karinių pergalių minėjimo ir įamžinimo vieta . . 87
XV-XIX a. Vytauto portretai . . 102
Sv. Kazimieras karys . . 119
Žalgirio mūšis XV-XVIII a. dailėje . . 128
Žalgirio mūšio atspindžiai XV-XVI a. literatūroje . . 150
Ir visą vokiečių jėgą sumušė: Žalgiris Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės pasakojime . . 156
Žalgirio mįslė . . 169
Žalgirio tema XIX-XX a. Lietuvos dailėje . . 183
„Didelių vilčių metai" - Žalgirio mūšio minėjimas 1910 metais . . 193
Publikacijos apie Žalgirio mūšio 500-ąsias metines 1910 m. periodinėje spaudoje . . 214
Publikacijų apie Žalgirio mūšio 500-ąsias metines 1910 m. periodinėje spaudoje rodyklė . . 220
Žalgirio vėliavų rekonstrukcijos . . 228
Žalgirio mūšio atminimas . . 241

Katalogas
I. Žalgiris . . 254
II. Jogaila . . 300
III. Šventieji . . 334
IV. Vytautas . . 342
V. Jubiliejai . . 378
VI. Šiandien . . 442
Žalgirio mūšio 600 metų jubiliejaus (1410-2010) renginių programa . . 451
VII. Vėliavos . . 454

Katalogo eksponatų aprašų autoriai . . 486
Santrumpos . . 487
Bibliografija . . 489