Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press

LIST OF FIGURES . . vii
LIST OF MAPS . . ix

INTRODUCTION . . 1
Methods and Materials . . 2
Acknowledgments . . 3

SYSTEMATICS . . 4
Genus Aulacigaster Macquart . . 4
Implicit Attributes . . 6
Key to the Neotropical Species Groups and Species of Aulacigaster Macquart . . 9
The bromeliae Group . . 9
The ecuadoriensis Group . . 21
The femorata Group . . 31
The grimaldii Group . . 48
The minuta Group . . 52
The plesiomorphica Group . . 64
The leucopeza Group . . 83
Afrotropical Species . . 83
Key to the Afrotropical Species of Auladgaster . . 83
Nearctic Species . . 90
Key to the Nearctic Species of Aulacigaster . . 90
Group of Aulacigaster . . 100
Palearctic Species . . 104
Key to the Palearctic Species of Aulacigaster . . 104
Oriental Species . . 112
Key to the Oriental Species of Aulacigaster . . 112

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION . . 115
Characters Used in the Cladistic Analysis . . 115
Discussion . . 116

FIGURES 203-220 . . 121
APPENDIX: CHARACTER MATRIX . . 125
REFERENCES . . 127
INDEX TO THE SPECIES OF AULACIGASTER . . 131

LIST OF TABLES . . V

INTRODUCTION . . 1
Abbreviations . . 2
History of Primnoid Octocorals from the Aleutian Islands . . 3
Acknowledgments . . 4

MATERIAL AND METHODS  . . 4

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS . . 4
Subclass OCTOCORALLIA . . 4
Order ALCYONACEA . . 4
Suborder CALCAXONIA Grasshoff, 1999 . . 4
Family PRIMNOIDAE Milne Edwards, 1857 4
Genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 . . 4
Thouarella cristata, new species . . 5
Thouarella trilineata, new species . . 6
Genus Plumarella Gray, 1870 . . 7
Subgenus Plumarella (Plumarella) Gray, 1870 . . 7
Plumarella (P.) spicata Nutting, 1912 . . 7
Plumarella (Dicholaphis) Kinoshita, 1907, new subgenus rank . . 9
Key to the Species of the Subgenus Plumarella (Dicholaphis) . . 10
Plumarella (D.) profunda, new species . . 10
Plumarella (D.) hapala, new species . . 11
Plumarella (D.) aleutiana, new species . . 11
Plumarella (D.) superba (Nutting, 1912), new combination . . 13
Plumarella (D.) nuttingi, new species . . 14
Plumarella (D.) echinata, new species . . 15
Plumarella (D.) robusta, new species . . 16
Genus Fanellia Gray, 1870 . . 16
Fanellia compressa (Verrill, 1865) . . 17
Fanellia fraseri (Hickson, 1915) . . 18
Genus Primnoa Lamouroux, 1812 . . 19
Primnoa pacifica Kinoshita, 1907  . 19
Primnoa pacifica van willeyi Hickson, 1915 . . 19
Primnoa wingi Cairns and Bayer, 2005 . . 20
Genus Arthrogorgia Kiikenthal, 1908 . . 20
Arthrogorgia utinomii Bayer, 1996 . . 20
Arthrogorgia kinoshitai Bayer, 1952 . . 21
Arthrogorgia otsukai Bayer, 1952 . . 22
Genus Calyptrophora Gray, 1866 . . 22
Calyptrophora laevispinosa Cairns, 2007 . . 23
Genus Parastenella Versluys, 1906 . . 23
Parastenella doederleini (Wright and Studer, 1889) . . 24
Parastenella ramosa (Studer, 1894) . . 24
Parastenella gymnogaster Cairns, 2007 . . 25

FIGURES 1-17 . . 27
APPENDIX: STATION LIST . . 45
REFERENCES . . 49
INDEX . . 53

Foreword: The Paleolithic in America, A Preamble to the "Excavation" of a Great Museum . . ix

Introduction . . 1
The Paleolithic Collections and the Smithsonian Institution . . 5
The Modern Era of Paleoanthropology . . 37
The Paleolithic Accessions, 1869-1990 . . 45
Human Origins Program . . 129
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects . . 131

Appendix 1: Location of Correspondence . . 135
Literature Cited . . 143

Introduction . . 1
Character Descriptions and Analysis . . 10
Phylogenetic Reconstruction . . 58
Phylogenetic Biogeography of the Prochilodontidae . . 170
Resume . .  172
Literature Cited . . 174
Index of Generic and Species Synonymies and Species Accounts . . 187

FOREWORD . . ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . xii
INTRODUCTION . . xiv

IPY HISTORIES AND LEGACIES
Advancing Polar Research and Communicating Its Wonders: Quests, Questions, and Capabilities of Weather and Climate Studies in International Polar Years . . 1
Cooperation at the Poles? Placing the First International Polar Year in the Context of Nineteenth-Century Scientific Exploration and Collaboration . . 13
The Policy Process and the International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958 . . 23
Preserving the Origins of the Space Age: The Material Legacy of the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) at the National Air and Space Museum . . 35
From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10,000-Foot Runways in Antarctica: Lessons from Historic Archaeology . . 49

CULTURAL STUDIES
"Of No Ordinary Importance": Reversing Polarities in Smithsonian Arctic Studies . . 61
Yup'ik Eskimo Contributions to Arctic Research at the Smithsonian . . 79
Smithsonian Contributions to Alaskan Ethnography: The First IPY Expedition to Barrow, 1881-1883 . . 89
The Art of Inupiaq Whaling: Elders' Interpretations of International Polar Year Ethnological Collections . . 99
From Tent to Trading Post and Back Again: Smithsonian Anthropology in Nunavut, Nunavik, Nitassinan, and Nunatsiavut—The Changing IPY Agenda, 1882-2007 . . 115
"The Way We See It Coming": Building the Legacy of Indigenous Observations in IPY 2007-2008 . . 129

SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF POLAR ORGANISMS
Species Diversity and Distributions of Pelagic Calanoid Copepods from the Southern Ocean . . 143
Brooding in Species Diversity in the Southern Ocean: Selection for Brooders or Speciation within Brooding Clades? . . 181
Persistent Elevated Abundance of Octopods in an Overfished Antarctic Area . . 197
Cold Comfort: Systematics and Biology of Antarctic Bryozoans . . 205
Considerations of Anatomy, Morphology, Evolution, and Function for Narwhal Dentition . . 223

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF UNDER-ICE RESEARCH
Scientific Diving Under Ice: A 40-Year Bipolar Research Tool . . 241
Environmental and Molecular Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Invertebrates . . 253
Milestones in the Study of Diving Physiology: Antarctic Emperor Penguins and Weddell Seals . . 265
Interannual and Spatial Variability in Light Attenuation: Evidence from Three Decades of Growth in the Arctic Kelp,
Laminaria solidungula . . 271
Life under Antarctic Pack Ice: A Krill Perspective . . 285

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND POLAR MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Inhibition of Phytoplankton and Bacterial Productivity by Solar Radiation in the Ross Sea Polynya . . 299
Southern Ocean Primary Productivity: Variability and a View to the Future . . 309
Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Cycling during a Ross Sea Phaeocystis antarctica Bloom . . 319
Capital Expenditure and Income (Foraging) during Pinniped Lactation: The Example of the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) . . 335
Latitudinal Patterns of Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: A Polar Perspective . . 347

POLAR ASTRONOMY: OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY
Cosmology from Antarctica . . 359
Feeding the Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way: AST/RO Observations . . 370
HEAT: The High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz Telescope . . 373
Watching Star Birth from the Antarctic Plateau . . 381
Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the Solar System from the Ice . . 387

INDEX . . 395

LIST OF MAPS . . v
LIST OF TABLES . . vii
FRONTISPIECE . . viii
INTRODUCTION . . 1
Materials and Methods . . 3
Acknowledgments . . 8

HENRY W. SETZER AND THE AFRICAN MAMMAL PROJECT . . 11
Genesis and Scientific Goals of the AMP . . 11
AMP Collecting Tools, Survey Methods, and Field Procedures . . 18
Taxonomic and Geographic Summary . . 28

ANNOTATED GAZETTEER OF THE AFRICAN MAMMAL PROJECT . . 44
Northern Africa . . 45
Western Africa . . 105
Southern Africa . . 206

APPENDIX: CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES . . 299
REFERENCES . . 303
INDEX OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES . . 309