Confucius Institute

Preface . . vii
Acknowledgments . . xi
User's Guide . . xiii

Confucius and the Analects . . xvii

PART I. KNOWLEDGE . . 1
1. Learning the Way . . 3
Porridge Cakes . . 7
2. Love for Learning . . 13
Lamp of Fireflies . . 16
3. The Four Prohibitions . . 23
A Doctor-Traveler . . 26
4. Inferring by Analogy . . 33
Tones of the Zither . . 36
5. The Ultimate Joy . . 43
The Plum Blossom Painter . . 46

PART II. MORALITY . . 53
6. Filial Piety . . 55
Grandma and the Office . . 58
7. Righteousness and Profit . . 65
The Promissory Notes . . 68
8. Three Introspections Daily . . 75
Critics of the Emperor . . 78
9. Strength in Adversity . . 85
A Determined Historian . . 88
10. The Long Journey . . 95
Death of a Premier . . 98

PART III. WISDOM . . 105
11. Self-Reliance . . 107
The Taste of Gall . . 110
12. Three Beneficial Friends . . 117
The Slashed Mat . . 120
13. Words and Deeds . . 127
Talking a Good Game . . 130
14. Advancing and Retreating . . 139
World and Island . . 142
15. Careers for Scholars . . 149
A Statesman of Four Reigns . . 152

PART IV. GOVERNMENT . . 157
16. Governing with Virtue . . 159
A Palace without a Terrace . . 162
17. Sovereigns and Subjects . . 169
Three Visits to a Strategist . . 172
18. Exemplary Leaders . . 179
The Flying General . . 182
19. The Upright above the Crooked . . 189
A Tattooed General . . 192
2O. Economy and Education . . 199
The Emperor's Dictionary . . 202

Appendix
English Translations of the Analects Passages . . 209
Vocabulary Index . . 223
Proper Names Index . . 257
Function words Index . . 265
Idiom Index . . 283
Vocabulary Expansion Index . . 289

List of illustrations . . ix
Preface . . xi
Acknowledgments . . xiii

1 Understanding unintended outcomes of social movements . . 1
An unintended outcome of the 1989 Chinese student movement . . 2
Two reasons why the Tiananmen tragedy has not been presented as an unintended outcome . . 11
The advantages of applying a game theoretical approach . . 23
An important assumption . . 26
A theory of interaction between social movements and state . . 28

2 A brief history of the Chinese student movement for democracy
  (15 April 1989 to 4 June 1989) . . 31

3 Anti-threat resistance: a game with incomplete information . . 66
Preference structure: the mechanics of interaction . . 67
A model of movement development . . 68
Private information and a changed preference structure . . 73
A game with incomplete information . . 77
Conclusion . . 86

4 State's sub-optimal strategies: a two-level game . . 89
A two-level game 90 . . 90
The complexity of choosing a strategy in the two-level game . . 94
Incentives for consistency between the two games . . 95
A supplementary theory of consistency and sub-optimal strategies . . 96
Significant impacts of the state's sub-optimal strategies on movement development . . 100
Conclusion . . 101

5 Short-term gain and long-term loss for the participants:
  the dynamics of repeated games . . 103
The participants' changing beliefs: diminishing dangers . . 106
The participants' increasing payoff, X3 . . 110  
The participants' constant payoff, X2 . . 114
Decreasing the probability of the state choosing the sub-optimal strategy . . 115
Short-term gain and long-term loss for the participants . . 119
Conclusion . . 122

6 Information gap and bloody confrontation: the final game . . 124
State's threats: interdependent or independent . . 125
State's interests: the tangible interests of the present or
the intangible interests of the future . . 128
The foundation for the formation of the participants'
beliefs: past experience or a correct understanding of the current situation . . 133
Conclusion . . 13S

Appendix . . 138
Bibliography . . 140
Index . . 146

Hybrid journalism . . 32
Literature of urban consumption . . 37
Knowing historical experience . . 40
Wang Tao and courtesan literature . . 43
The new literati-journalists . . 47
Han Bangqing and his novel . . 49

3 Ephemeral households, marvelous things . . 53
Merchant residences and courtesan houses . . 53
The "family" business . . 56
The public boudoir: banquets and tea parties . . 60
Shifting gender roles . . 64
Magical and fashionable objects . . 71
Interior settings . . 76
Destruction and disillusionment . . 80

4 The meeting of courtyard and street . . 84
Changing views of the pleasure quarter . . 84
Joint production . . 87
Fluid space . . 93  
Diverse functions . . 100
Distinct neighborhoods . . 106

5 Ultimate ingenuity, amorphous crowds . . 113
The challenge of human ingenuity . . 113
Marvels on the Bund . . 118
Flowers of Chessboard Street . . 121
Streetscapes of Fourth Avenue . . 125
Spectatorship of street events . . 131
Markets in the teahouses . . 136
Shops on First Avenue . . 140

6 The mingling of magnates and masses . . 144
Restaurants . . 144
Opium houses . . 148
Storytelling houses . . 151
Theaters . . 156
Street parades . . 164
Carriages and rickshaws . . 171
Gardens . . 174

Conclusion . . 181

Glossary of frequently-used Chinese terms . . 183
List of Chinese characters . . 185
Notes . . 192
References . . 204
Index . . 213

List of figures . . x
List of contributors . . xi
Editorial note . . xv
About Hero . . xvi
Acknowledgements . . xix

Foreword . . xxi
Introduction . . 1

PART I - Changing discourses of national identities and heroism . . 11
1 The political narrative(s) of Hero . . 13
2 Recycled heroes, invented tradition and transformed identity . . 27
3 Ruthless tyrant or compassionate hero?:   Chinese popular nationalism and the myth of state origins . . 43
4 The king, the musician and the village idiot: images of manhood . . 53

PART II - Transformations of cultural perception, genre and stardom . . 63
5 Twenty-first century women warriors: variations on a traditional theme . . 65
6 On tian xia ('all under heaven') in Zhang Yimou's Hero . . 78
7 Hero: rewriting the Chinese martial arts film genre . . 90
8 "Would you rather spend more time making serious cinema?": Hero and Tony Leung's polysemic masculinity . . 106
9 Fifteen minutes of fame: transient/transnational female stardom in Hero . . 121

PART III - Local vs. global: deconstructing global Chinese blockbusters . . 133
10 Camp pleasure in an era of Chinese blockbusters: Internet reception of Hero in mainland China . . 135
11 North American reception of Zhang Yimou's Hero . . 152
12 Heroic music: from Hunan to Hollywood and back . . 169
13 Visual effects magic: Hero's Sydney connection . . 184
14 Towards a global blockbuster: the political economy of Hero's nationalism . . 198

Filmography . . 212
Chinese Glossary: selected Chinese names and terms . . 217
Chinese dynasties at a glance . . 222
Index . . 223

Note to the Reader . . vii
Map: China and Its Neighbors . . viii-ix
Prologue . . xi

PART I - GROWING UP, 1916-1947
1 "Where the Daisies Cover the Country Land" . . 3
2 Only a Memory . . 24
3 Americanization . . 35
4 An Anguished Cry . . 47

PART II - INTELLIGENCE OFFICER IN ACTION, 1948-1968
5 A Ready Recruit . . 65
6 A Covert Foot Soldier . . 77
7 On the Edge of Conflict . . 97
8 Running the Secret War . . 106
9 Of Coups, Floods, and Failures . . 119

PART III - CHINA OPENS UP, 1969-1981
10 Reading the Tea Leaves . . 135
11 Breaking Down Walls . . 152
12 Kissinger's Man in China . . 169
13 Good Fortune . . 196
14 Riding a Wave . . 213

PART IV - DIPLOMAT IN ACTION, 1982-1991
15 Righting the Balance . . 227
16 The Golden Years . . 249
17 Pushing for Change . . 264
18 "Through the Blur of Our Tears" . . 282
19 Stepping on a Volcano . . 297
20 Small Victories . . 335

Epilogue . . 373
Acknowledgments . . 383
Notes  . 385
Bibliography . . 402
Index . . 406

Acknowledgements . . xix

1 Introduction . . 1
Terminology . . 3
Transliteration . . 4
Inclusive language . . 4

2 The sources . . 5
Tibetan material . . 5
Non-Tibetan material . . 8
Buddhism outside Tibet . . 10
Bon . . 11

3 Before death . . 12

4 Immediately after death . . 15
Spiritual concerns . . 16
Practical concerns . . 29
Comments on activities undertaken immediately after death . . 44

5 Disposal of the body . . 46
Burial (disposal in earth) . . 46
Immersion (disposal in water) . . 49
Cremation (disposal in fire) . . 52
Exposure (disposal in air) . . 59
Treatment of remains . . 72
Comments on the disposal of the body . . 77

6 Special cases . . 80
Holy persons . . 80
Nobility . . 86
Children . . 87
Old people . . 92
'Bad deaths' . . 93
Comments on special cases of disposal . . 94

7 Post-disposal rituals of benefit and protection . . 96
The transition through the intermediate state (bardo) . . 96
Rituals of benefit . . 100
Rituals of protection . . 116
The conclusion of the funeral rituals . . 122
It depends on what you pay . . 123
Comments on post-disposal rituals of benefit and protection . . 126

8 Remembering the deceased . . 130

9 Conclusion . . 134

Notes . . 138
Glossary . . 162
Bibliography . . 165
Index . . 177

Preface . . ix

Introduction . . 1

Part One: Evolution
1. Enlightenment in the Ivory Tower . . 17
2. Say No to Indonesia's Anti-Chinese Riot . . 35
3. Sino-U.S. Cyber Wars . . 45
4. Post 9/11 Transition of Priority . . 59
5. Direct Confrontations with Japan 73

Part Two: Definitions
6. Chineseness . . 91
7. Cyber Public Sphere . . 101
8. Nationalism . . 109
9. Chinese Nationalism . . 121
10. Chinese Cyber Sphere . . 135
11. Cyber Nationalism . . 147
12. Chinese Cyber Nationalism . . 155

Part Three: Reflections
13. Key Players . . 165
14. Policy Makers . . 179
15. General Online Pubic . . 189

Inconclusion . . 201

Notes . . 217
Bibliography . . 247
Index . . 259
About the Author . . 267

Notes . . xi
Prologue: Crossing the Mannerheim Line . . xiii

EURASIA
1 ST. PETERSBURG: The Secret Agent . . 1
2 AZERBAIJAN: The Nobels' Prize . . 19
3 TURKMENISTAN: Fear and Loathing . . 39
4 UZBEKISTAN: The Great Game Redux . . 57
5 KYRGYZSTAN: Travels on the Synthetic Road . . 81

WESTERN CHINA
6 KASHGAR: Mission Impossible . . 109
7 TO KHOTAN: Oases and Outposts . . 137
8 TIAN SHAN RANGE : The Horse That Leaps through Clouds . . 155
9 URUMQI: The Banquet . . 177
10 TO DUNHUANG: Treasure Hunt . . 195
11 HEXI CORRIDOR: Barbarians Inside the Gate . . 215
12 LANZHOU: The Chinese Renaissance . . 241
13 LABRANG: Stoned . . 265

NORTHERN CHINA
14 XI'AN: Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics . . 289
15 HENAN: The Harmonious Countryside . . 313
16 TAIYUAN: Opium of the People . . 337
17 WUTAI SHAN: The Wanderer . . 359
18 INNER MONGOLIA: The Soot Road . . 375
19 BEIJING: Reawakening . . 395

Epilogue: To the Finland Station . . 427
Acknowledgments . . 441
A Note on Sources . . 445
Endnotes . . 443
Selected Bibliography . . 467
Index . . 477

Acknowledgments . . ix
Series Editor's Preface . . xi
Abbreviations . . xvi
List of Maps . . xvii

Introduction . . 3
1. Sino-Afghani Border Relations . . 13
2. Bhutan-China Border Disputes and Their Geopolitical Implications . . 23
3. Brunei's Contested Sea Border with China . . 37
4. India's Intractable Border Dispute with China . . 47
5. Indonesia's "Invisible" Border with China . . 61
6. Sino-Japanese Territorial and Maritime Disputes . . 81
7. Kazakhstan's Border Relations with China . . 97
8. Sino-Korean Border Relations . . 111
9. Kyrgyzstan: China's Regional Playground? . . 127
10. The China-Laos Boundary: Lan Xang Meets the Middle Kingdom . . 143
11. Malaysia and China: Economic Growth Overshadows . . 155
12. Sino-Mongol Border: From Conflict to Precarious Resolution . . 169
13. The Sino-Myanmar Border . . 191
14. China-Nepal Border: Potential Hot Spot? . . 205
15. The Sino-Pakistan Border: Stability in an Unstable Region . . 219
16. Philippine-China Border Relations: Cautious Engagement Amid Tensions . . 235
17. Sino-Russian Border Resolution . . 251
18. PRC Disputes with the ROC on Taiwan . . 267
19. Tajikistan-China Border Normalization . . 283
20. Sino-Vietnamese Border Disputes . . 295

Conclusions . . 311
Selected Bibliography . . 331
Index . . 341
About the Editors and Contributors . . 365

Figures . . ix
Tables . . x
Acknowledgments . . xi

Introduction . . 1
Chapter 1 Reflections on Development Approaches to the Chinese Civil Society . . 9
Chapter 2 The Rise of Industrial Associations in Wenzhou . . 35
Chapter 3 Organizational Governance of Industrial Associations in Wenzhou . . 53
Chapter 4 Industrial Governance and Performance of Industrial Associations in Wenzhou . . 81
Chapter 5 Social Governance of Industrial Associations in Wenzhou . . 119
Chapter 6 The Malfunction of Industrial Associations in Wenzhou and Its Rectification . . 137
Chapter 7 The Relationship between Industrial Associations and the Government in Wenzhou . . 157
Chapter 8 Conclusion: Lessons from Wenzhou . . 179

Bibliography . . 189
Index . . 203
About the Authors . . 211