Confucius Institute

List of Illustrations . . ix
Acknowledgments . . xi

Introduction . . 1
1. Early Modern Globalization and the Origins of Tobacco in China, 1550-1650 . . 15
2. The Expansion of Chinese Tobacco Production, Consumption, and Trade, 1600-1750 . . 34
3. Learning to Smoke Chinese-Style, 1644-1750 . . 61
4. Tobacco in Ming-Qing Medical Culture . . 88
5. The Fashionable Consumption of Tobacco, 1750-1900 . . 110
6. The Emergence of the Chinese Cigarette Industry, 1880-1937 . . 131
7. Socially and Spatially Differentiated Tobacco Consumption during the Nanjing Decade, 1927-1937 . . 149
8. The Urban Cigarette and the Pastoral Pipe: Literary Representations of Smoking in Republican China . . 178
9. New Women, Modern Girls, and the Decline of Female Smoking in China, 1900-1976 . . 199
Epilogue: Tobacco in the People's Republic of China, 1949-2010 . . 240

Notes . . 255
Works Cited . . 291
Index . . 319

List of Illustrations and Maps . . viii
Acknowledgements . . xi
Note On Pronouncing Tibetan Words . . xiii
Preface . . xv

1 Tibet Appears, 600-700 . . 1
2 The Holy Buddhist Empire, 700-797 . . 21
3 Keepers of the Flame, 797-1054 . . 41
4 Patrons and Priests, 1054-1315 . . 61
5 Golden Age, 1315-1543 . . 85
6 The Rise and Fall of the Dalai Lamas, 1543-1757 . . 114
7 The Balancing Act, 1757-1904 . . 146
8 Independence, 1904-1950 . . 180
9 Under the Red Flag, 1950-1959 . . 207
10 Two Tibets, 1959 to the Present . . 238

Notes . . 270
Bibliography . . 292
Index . . 304

List of Illustrations . . ix
Preface . . xi

Introduction: Bringing Peripheries to the Center . . 1
1 The Meandering Road to Modernity . . 27
2 Manhood, Migration, and Heroin . . 51
3 Multivocal Drug Control . . 81
4 Contentious Individuality on the Rise . . 104
5 Failed State AIDS Intervention . . 130
6 AIDS and Its Global Stigmatization . . 162
Conclusion . . 187

Notes . . 199
Bibliography . . 207
Index . . 225

Preface and acknowledgement . . xiii
Personae . . xvi

PART I - Introduction

1 Suicide as a Chinese problem . . 3
1.1 Understanding suicide in China . . 3
1.2 Fieldwork and methodology . . 6
1.3 Theory, thesis and structure of this book . . 10

2 Two philosophies about suicide . . 15
2.1 Sociological and psychiatric studies of suicide . . 15  
2.2 The state of suicide . . 17
2.3 Ming and family life . . 22
2.4 Qi and "behaving as a person" . . 26

PART II - Domestic justice

3 Familial love . . 33
3.1 Conjugal love . . 33
3.2 Parental love . . 37
3.3 Filial piety . . 40
Discussion . . 44

4 Family politics . . 46
4.1 The margin of the family . . 46
4.2 A troubled family . . 53
4.3 A complex family . . 63
Discussion . . 69

5 Fortune . . 71
5.1 Long and short lives . . 71
5.2 Ghosts and human beings . . 76
5.3 Fortune and misfortune . . 82
Discussion . . 88

PART III - Human dignity

6 Suicide and madness . . 93
6.1 Excluded suicide . . 93
6.2 The abnormal . . 95
6.3 Non-persons . . 101
Discussion . . 105

7 Gambling for qi . . 107
7.1 Impulsivity . . 107
7.2 Long-term gamble . . 112
Discussion . . 118

8 Face . . 120
8.1 Spiritedness . . 122
8.2 Loss ofpersonhood . . 131
Discussion . . 139

9 Thinking through . . 140
9.1 Having tunnel vision . . 141
9.2 Heart and lungs . . 146
Discussion . . 153

PART IV - Conclusion: suicide as a public affair

10 Public justice . . 159
10.1 Interfamily conflicts . . 159
10.2 Clear heaven . . 165
70.3 Public injustice . . 171
Discussion . . 179

11 Making good luck . . 181
11.1 Psychiatry and suicide intervention . . 182
11.2 Suicide intervention oj'the rural women . . 184
11.3 Revolution . . 192
11.4 Good fortune . . 195

Notes . . 198
Bibliography . . 203
Index . . 212

Preface . . xiii
Acknowledgments . . xv
Chinese Units of Measure . . xvii

"I Sit Here and Sing for You": The Oral Literature of China . . 1

1. Folk Stories and Other Spoken Traditions . . 13
A Ginseng Tale from Jilin . . 16
A Folk Story of the Daur . . 20
Folk Stories from the Tai Lue of Sipsongpanna . . 29
A Folk Story in "Funeral Lament Lyrics" of the Luo People, Yunnan . . 39
A Story from the Nuosu of Sichuan . . 43
Tales of Dragons . . 48
A Mosuo Story from Lake Lugu . . 53
A Story of the Pumi of Yunnan . . 56
Folk Stories of the Uyghur . . 58
A Tu Folk Story . . 65
A Tale of the Amis . . 69
Stories of Tu Ritual . . 75
A Namzi Tale . . 81
Namzi Riddles . . 83
Tibetan Flirting Words and Tongue Twisters . . 84

2. Folk Song Traditions . . 90
Flower Songs from Northwestern China . . 93
Kazakh Marriage Songs of Lament and Sorrow . . 100
Qing Dynasty Mountain Songs . . 115
Folk Songs from Jiangsu Province . . 124
Saltwater Songs of Hong Kong . . 145
Songs of the Mindong She People . . 148
Mountain Songs from Liuzhou, Guangxi (Interethnic) . . 158
A Sani Ballad . . 166
Two Folk Songs of the Dong (Gaem) People . . 169
Songs of the Tu . . 174
Mountain Songs . . 174
Folk Song . . 177

3. Folk Ritual . . 179
A Chaoxian Lunar New Year Exorcism Ritual . . 182
Manchu Shaman Songs from Northeastern China . . 184
A Wa Soul-Calling Chant . . 190
A Lahu Marriage Prayer . . 193
Yi Chants from Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan . . 198
A Nuosu Myth from Sichuan . . 203

4. The Epic Traditions . . 213
An Excerpt from the Epic Geser Khan . . 216
Introductory Cantos from the Mongol Epic Jangar . . 222
A Daur Ballad . . 232
Selections from a Yi Epic . . 236
A Tradition-Oriented Yao Creation Epic . . 244
Two Miao (Hmong) Song Flowers . . 276

5. Folk Drama . . 279
Hand-Puppet Theater . . 282
A Postmidnight Shadow Play from Shaanxi . . 288
A Rice-Planting Drama . . 295
A Local Drama from Shaoxing . . 303

6. Professional Story telling Traditions of the North and South . . 309
Northern Prosimetric . . 314
A Medley Song from Northern China . . 314
An Anonymous Work from the Tune Book of the Manor House of Lord Che . . 326
An Oral-Connected Drum Song from the Tune Book of the Manor House of Lord Che . . 353
"The Precious Scroll of Chenxiang" . . 380
A Peking Drum Song . . 406
A Peking Drum Song . . 413
An Excerpt from journey to the West in Fast Bamboo Clapper-Tale Style . . 420
Two Shandong Fast Tales . . 429
Two Versions of "Wu Song Fights the Tiger" from the Yangzhou Pinghua Tradition . . 433
Southern Prosimetric . . 472
Hangzhou Storytelling and Songs . . 472
Jingjiang "Telling Scriptures" from the San Mao Precious Scrolls . . 479
An Eighteenth-Century Version of "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" from Suzhou . . 503
An Excerpt from a "Women's Chantefable" . . 552
A Suzhou Chantefable Opening Ballad . . 563
A Suzhou Chantefable Classic from Pearl Pagoda . . 565
A Suzhou Chantefable from the 1950s . . 585
A Wooden-Fish Song . . 604
An Excerpt from a Great Volumes Script of the Bai People, Yunnan . . 609
An Excerpt from a Great Volumes Script of the Bai People, Yunnan . . 614

Further Reading . . 619
Contributors and Translators . . 627

List of Figures . . ix
List of Tables . . xi
Illustrations of Chinese Protest from Qing Times to Present (photo insert between pages 134 and 135)
Preface . . xiii

INTRODUCTION . . 1
1 MARKET EXPANSION, STATE CENTRALIZATION, AND NEO-CONFUCIANISM IN QING CHINA . . 21
2 DOCUMENTING THE THREE WAVES OF MiD-QiNG PROTEST . . 47
3 FILIAL-LOYAL DEMONSTRATIONS, 1740-1759 . . 68
4 RIOTS INTO REBELLION, 1776-1795 . . 102
5 RESISTANCE AND PETITIONS, 1820-1839 . . 135
6 MIO-QING PROTESTS IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE . . 168
EPILOGUE: THE PAST IN THE PRESENT . . 194

Notes . . 203
References . . 209
Glossary . . 231
Index . . 237

List of Figures . . vii
Acknowledgments . . ix

Introduction . . 1

1 Customs and Cuisine . . 11
Diets and Food Lore in Warring States and Han China . . 14
Meat and Morals . . 26
Banquets . . 34
Cenat Confucius . . 42

2 Cooking the World . . 49
The Butcher and the Cook . . 49
Cooking and Harmony . . 59
Yi Yin and Fundamental Tastes . . 65
Cosmic Dining . . 76

3 Sacrifice and Sense . . 83
Offering the Tasteless . . 84
Spirit and Spirits . . 95
Searching for Spirit . . 106

4 The Economics of Sacrifice . . 122
Sacrificial Levies . . 124
Monthly Ordinances . . 128
Maintenance Towns and Personnel . . 134
Spirit Commerce . . 143
Regulating Sacrifice . . 148
Gifts for Spirits, Goods for Mortals . . 152
The Rhetoric of Plenty . . 157

5 Sages, Spirits, and Senses . . 167
Olfaction . . 168
Seeing and Hearing . . 174
Sensory Synthesis . . 178
Sages, Screens, and Earplugs . . 191
The Clairvoyant and the Blind . . 196

Concluding Remarks . . 203

Bibliography . . 207
Index . . 227

List of Boxes, Figures, and Maps . . ix
Preface . . xi

1 In the beginning: Religion and history . . 1

2 Ming China: The fourteenth century's new world order . . 15
I. Religious foundations of late imperial China . . 15
II. The emperor monk: Zhu Yuanzhang and the new Confucian state . . 36

3 The Buddha and the shogun in sixteenth-century Japan . . 53
I. Religious foundations of medieval Japan . . 53
II. Burning monks: The assault on Buddhism . . 66

4 Opportunities lost: The failure of Christianity, 1550-1750 . . 72
I. The Society of Jesus comes to Asia . . 72
II. The roots of conflict and the long road home . . 84

5 Buddhism: Incarnations and reincarnations . . 94
I. Bodhisattvas and barbarians: Buddhism in Ming and Qing China . . 94
II. The gilded cage: Funerary Buddhism during the Tokugawa . . 105
III. Samurai and nothingness: Zen and the Japanese warrior elite . . 113

6 Apocalypse now . . 123
I. Why the world keeps ending . . 123
II. The White Lotus: Six centuries of Chinese heresy, 1360-1860 . . 131

7 Out of the twilight: Religion and the late nineteenth century . . 142
I. Fists of Justice and Harmony: Christian mission and the last stand of Chinese traditionalism . . 142
II. Kill the Buddha! Shinto and the new traditionalism of Meiji Japan . . 151

8 Into the abyss: Religion and the road to disaster during the early twentieth century . . 161
I. Toward Confucian fascism: China searches for direction . . 161
II. Spirit of the rising sun: Japanese religious militarism . . 179

9 Brave new world: Religion in the reinvention of postwar Asia . . 194
I. Opiate of the masses: Why Marxism opposes religion . . 194
II. The people's faith: How religion survived China's socialist paradise . . 202
III. The peace paradigm and search for meaning in Japan . . 215

10 The globalization of Asian religion . . 224

Glossary . . 231
Timeline of dynasties and major events . . 237
Suggestions for further reading . . 239
Index . . 245

Series Foreword . . vii
Foreword . . ix
Acknowledgments . . xi

1 This Chinese Feminism Which Is Not "One" . . 1
2 More Than Three Waves of Feminism . . 31
3 Taiwanese Academy's Reception of Feminist Scholars and Academic Feminism: Interviews about the 1990s . . 71
4 The Academy's Reception of Feminist Scholars and Academic Feminism in the PRC: Interviews about the 1990s . . 111
5 French Feminist Theories in Zhongwai wenxue of the 1990s . . 135
6 French Feminist Theories in Wenyi lilun of the 1990s . . 169
7 Feminist Orientalism and Occidentalism: Feminist Theoretical Round-Trips, Feedback Loops, and "Not-one-ness" . . 195

Notes . . 217
Glossarial Index . . 265

List of Figures and Tables . . vii
Acknowledgments . . ix
Foreword . . xi

1. Reclaiming a Legacy: The New-style Martial Arts Saga and Globalized Entertainment . . 1
2. Forging a Cultural Heritage in Chinese Movies: Smncations and Self-imposed Distancing from Chinese Culture in a Globalized Industry . . 27
3. Contested Heritage: Cinema, Collective Memory, and the Politics of Local Heritage in Hong Kong . . 53
4. Traditional Chinese Aesthetics and Contemporary Chinese Films: Applying the Idea of Qi-yun to Understand the Temporal Structure of Selected Films of Hou Hsiao-hsien . . 81
5. A "Horrible" Legacy: Noh and J-horror . . 101
6. The Loyal 47 Ronin Never Die: Influence of Chushingura on Japanese War Films . . 125
7. The Creation of Pansori Cinema: Sopyonje and Chunhyangdyun in Creative Hybridity . . 151
8. Martial Arts Craze in Korea: Cultural Translation of Martial Arts Film and Literature in the 1960s . . 173

Biographies of Contributors . . 197
Index of Names . . 199
Index of Films . . 205