Oxford University Press

Preface . . v
Acknowledgements . . ix
List of contributors . . xiii

1 The handicap principle and signalling in collaborative systems . . 1
2 Communication in bacteria . . 11
3 Communication in social networks of territorial animals: networking at different levels in birds and other systems . . 33
4 Communication between hosts and social parasites . . 55
5 Chemical communication and the coordination of social interactions in insects . . 81
6 Chemical communication in societies of rodents . . 97
7 Neurobiology of olfactory communication in the honeybee . . 119
8 Rapid evolution and sexual signals . . 139
9 Communication of mate quality in humans . . 157
10 The extended phenotype within the colony and how it obscures social communication . . 171
11 Synergy in social communication . . 191
12 Conflicting messages: genomic imprinting and internal communication . . 209
13 Language unbound: genomic conflict and psychosis in the origin of modern humans . . 225
14 The evolution of human communication and language . . 249
15 Why teach? The evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of costly information transfer . . 265
16 Grades of communication . . 275

Concluding remarks . . 289
Glossary . . 291
Index . . 295

1 Dogs in historical perspective, and conceptual issues of the study of their behaviour . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . 1
1.2 From behaviourism to cognitive ethology . . 2
1.3 Tinbergen's legacy: four questions plus one . . 8
1.4 Evolutionary considerations . . 11
1.5 What is it like to be a dog? . . 15
1.6 Lupomorphism or babymorphism? . . 16
1.7 Modelling of behaviour . . 17
1.8 An ethocognitive mental model for the dog . . 22
1.9 Conclusions for the future . . 24
Further reading . . 26

2 Methodological issues in the behavioural study of the dog . . 27
2.1 Introduction . . 27
2.2 Finding phenomena and collecting data . . 27
2.3 Making behavioural comparisons . . 30
2.4 Sampling and the problem of single cases (N = 1) . . 35
2.5 A procedural problem in naturalistic observations: the presence of humans . . 37
2.6 How to measure dog behaviour? . . 38
2.7 Asking questions . . 43
2.8 Conclusions for the future . . 45
Further reading . . 45

3 Dogs in anthropogenic environments: society and family . . 47
3.1 Introduction . . 47
3.2 Dogs in human society . . 47
3.3 Interactions between dogs and people in public . . 51
3.4 Dogs in the family . . 53
3.5 Dogs at work . . 56
3.6 Social roles of dogs in human groups . . 56
3.7 Social competition in dog-human groups and their consequences . . 57
3.8 Outcast dogs: life in animal shelters . . 62
3.9 Conclusions for the future . . 65
Further reading . . 65

4 A comparative approach to Canis . . 67
4.1 Introduction . . 67
4.2 Putting things into perspective: an overview of Canis . . 67
4.3 An overview of wolves . . 74
4.4 Wolf and dog: similarities and differences . . 89
4.5 Conclusions for the future . . 92
Further reading . . 93

5 Domestication . . 95
5.1 Introduction . . 95
5.2 Human perspective on dog domestication . . 95
5.3 Archaeology faces phylogenetics . . 101
5.4 Some concepts of evolutionary population biology . . 117
5.5 Emergence of phenotypic novelty . . 119
5.6 A case study of domestication: the fox experiment . . 131
5.7 Conclusions for the future . . 136
Further reading . . 136

6 The perceptual world of the dog . . 137
6.1 Introduction . . 137
6.2 Comparative perspectives . . 137
6.3 Vision . . 139
6.4 Hearing . . 142
6.5 Olfaction . . 144
6.6 Conclusions for the future . . 150
Further reading . . 150

7 Physical-ecological cognition . . 151
7.1 Introduction . . 151
7.2 Orientation in space . . 151
7.3 Spatial problem solving . . 155
7.4 Knowledge about objects . . 156
7.5 Memory for hidden objects . . 158
7.6 Folk physics in dogs? . . 161
7.7 Conclusions for the future . . 163
Further reading . . 163

8 Social cognition . . 165
8.1 Introduction . . 165
8.2 The affiliative aspects of social relationships . . 166
8.3 The agonistic aspects of social relationships . . 170
8.4 Communication in a mixed-species group . . 177
8.5 Play . . 189
8.6 Social learning in dogs . . 191
8.7 Social influence . . 193
8.8 Cooperation . . 196
8.9 Social competence . . 197
8.10 Conclusions for the future . . 200
Further reading . . 200

9 Development of behaviour . . 201
9.1 Introduction . . 201
9.2 What are developmental 'periods'? . . 201
9.3 Rethinking developmental periods in dogs . . 205
9.4 Sensitive periods in development . . 209
9.5 Attraction and attachment . . 214
9.6 Early experience and its influence on behaviour . . 216
9.7 Prediction of behaviour: 'Puppy testing' . . 217
9.8 Conclusions for the future . . 219
Further reading . . 219

10 Temperament and personality . . 221
10.1 Introduction . . 221
10.2 Descriptive approach to personality . . 223
10.3 Functional approach to personality . . 226
10.4 Mechanistic approach . . 230
10.5 Conclusions for the future . . 234
Further reading . . 235

11 Afterword: Heading towards 21st-century science . . 237
11.1 Comparare necesse est! . . 237
11.2 Natural model . . 237
11.3 Evolving dogs . . 237
11.4 Behavioural modelling . . 239
11.5 Ethical implications and researchers' mission . . 240
11.6 Dog genome and bioinformatics . . 241
11.7 Taws in hands' . . 241

References . . 243
Index . . 267

Preface . . ix
Editors and Contributors, Seventh Edition . . xi
Abbreviations . . xvi
Note to the Reader . . xvii

The Oxford Companion to English Literature Introductory essays Literary Culture and the Novel in the New Millennium . . 1
Cultures of Reading . . 9
Black British Literature . . 16
Children's Literature . . 23

A-Z . . 33

Appendix 1: Chronology . . 1099
Appendix 2: Poets Laureate . . 1145
Appendix 3: Children's Laureates . . 1145
Appendix 4: Literary Awards . . 1146
Index of New and Heavily Revised Entries by Contributor . . 1151

Preface to the second edition . . vii
Preface to the first edition . . ix
Notes on Contributors . . xxiii
List of tables . . xxv
List of figures . . xxvii
Introduction . . 1

PART I PRACTICE AND POLITICS IN CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
1 The process of criminological research . . 13
2 The politics of criminological research . . 45

PART II THEORY, DATA, AND TYPES OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
3 The relationship between theory and empirical observations in criminology . . 75
4 In search of causes and explanations of crime . . 117
5 Doing evaluation research in criminology . . 141
6 Doing criminological research in ethnically and culturally diverse contexts . . 171
7 International comparative research in criminology . . 199

PART III RESEARCH ON CRIME, CRIMINALS, AND VICTIMS
8 Researching the state of crime . . 231
9 Researching 'street criminals' in the fielcha neglected art? . . 263
10 Mission impossible? Researching organized crime . . 291
11 Researching victims . . 315

PART IV RESEARCH ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS
12 Police research . . 343
13 Research on the criminal courts . . 375
14 Research on community penalties . . 399
15 Doing research in prisons . . 431

PART V SOME RECENT CASE STUDIES
16 Cybercrime and online methodologies . . 455
17 Ethnographic research and the licensing courts . . 473
18 An embedded multimethod approach to prison research . . 487
19 Researching bullying in the classroom . . 501

Index . . 515

List of figures . . x
Conventions . . xv
Chronological table . . xvi
Map . . xvii

PROLOGUE
1 Visual, written, decorum . . 3

WRITTEN CULTURE
2 Literacy and ancient Egyptian society . . 33
3 Four notes on literacy . . 63
4 Literacy, social organization, and the archaeological record: the case of early Egypt . . 95
5 Writing and society in early Egypt . . 117
6 Orality and literacy. Appendix: Updates to Chapters 2-5; comparative studies . . 170
7 Ancient Egyptian concepts and uses of the past: third to second millennium evidence . . 179

VISUAL CULTURE
8 Introductory note . . 205
9 Theories and universals of representation: Heinrich Schafer and Egyptian art . . 207
10 Schafer's mottoes and the understanding of representation . . 236
11 Colour terminology and colour classification: ancient Egyptian colour terminology and polychromy . . 240
12 Stone and other materials: usages and values . . 263
13 Communication and display: the integration of early Egyptian art and writing . . 281
14 On the status and purposes of ancient Egyptian art . . 298

References . . 338
Index . . 407

Preface: Technologies of the Word . . ix

1. Writing It Down . . 3
2. TeknoFear . . 19
3. Thoreau's Pencil . . 33
4. National Handwriting Day . . 49
5. Writing on Clay . . 71
6. When WordStar Was King . . 91
7. Trusting the Text . . 113
8. Writing on Screen . . 135
9. Everyone's an Author . . 157
10. A Space of One's Own . . 183
11. The Dark Side of the Web . . 207
12. From Pencils to Pixels . . 227

Works Cited . . 247
Index . . 255

PREFACE . . v
INTRODUCTORY NOTE . . vii
INTRODUCTION . . xi
Chaucer's Life . . xi
The Canon and Chronology of Chaucer's Works . . ccii
Language and Versification . . xxv
The Texts . . xli

THE CANTERBURY TALES . . 3
THE BOOK OF THE DUCHESS . . 329
THE HOUSE OF FAME . . 347
ANELIDA AND ARCITE . . 375
THE PARLIAMENT OF FOWLS . . 383
BOECE . . 395
TROILUS AND CRISEYDE . . 471
THE LEGEND OF GOOD WOMEN . . 587
THE SHORT POEMS . . 631
POEMS NOT ASCRIBED TO CHAUCER IN THE MANUSCRIPTS . . 657
A TREATISE ON THE ASTROLABE . . 661
7 THE ROMAUNT OF THE ROSE . . 685
APPENDIX . . 769

General Bibliography . . 771
Abbreviations . . 779
Explanatory Notes . . 795
Textual Notes . . 1117
Glossary . . 1211
Index of Proper Names . . 1311

Preface . . viii
Illustrations . . xii
A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450-2000 . . 1
Select Bibliography . . 452

Biographical Preface . . vii
Introduction . . xi
Note on the Text . . xxvi
Select Bibliography . . xxviii
A Chronology of Virginia Woolf . . xxxiii

SELECTED ESSAYS
The Decay of Essay-Writing . . 3
Modern Fiction . . 6
The Modern Essay . . 13
How it Strikes a Contemporary . . 23
Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown . . 32
Character in Fiction . . 37
'Impassioned Prose' . . 55
How Should One Read a Book? . . 63
Poetry, Fiction and the Future . . 74
Craftsmanship . . 85

LIFE-WRITING
The New Biography . . 95
On Being Ill . . 101
Leslie Stephen . . 111
The Art of Biography . . 116

WOMEN AND FICTION
The Feminine Note in Fiction . . 127
Women Novelists . . 129
Women and Fiction . . 132
Professions for Women . . 140
Memories of a Working Women's Guild . . 146
Why? . . 160

LOOKING ON
Thunder at Wembley . . 169
The Cinema . . 172
Street Haunting: A London Adventure . . 177
The Sun and the Fish . . 188
The Docks of London . . 193
Oxford Street Tide . . 199
Evening over Sussex: Reflections in a Motor Car . . 204
Flying over London . . 207
Why Art Today Follows Politics . . 213
Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid . . 216

Explanatory Notes . . 221

1. In Defence of Scientism . . 1
2. Scientific Realism, Constructive Empiricism, and Structuralism . . 66
3. Ontic Structural Realism and the Philosophy of Physics . . 130
4. Rainforest Realism and the Unity of Science . . 190
5. Causation in a Structural World . . 258
6. Conclusion—Philosophy Enough . . 298

References . . 311
Index . . 339