Universitätsbibliothek

The Editors . . vii
List of Contributors . . ix
List of Abbreviations . . xxiii
Institutional Definitions and Abbreviations . . xxvii
Preface . . xxix

Chapter 1 - Framing the Issues . . 1
1 Defining Sustainable Technology Transfer . . 1
2 Balancing Fundamental Interests . . 5
3 Treaty Obligations Giving Effect To Fundamental Concepts . . 10
4 Fragmentation . . 11

Chapter 2 - TRIPS Article 66.2: Between Hard Law and Soft Law? . . 13
1 The WTO's 'Legislative' and 'Judicial' Roles . . 16
2 TRIPS Provisions and TRIPS Flexibilities . . 19
3 Overview of Provisions Related to Patents and DSU . . 23
4 'Soft Law' and Trade Law . . 26
5 Technology Transfer and Article 66.2 . . 36
6 Conclusions . . 42

Chapter 3 - Assessing Reporting Obligations under TRIPS Article 66.2 . . 43
1 The UNCTAD Discussion . . 44
2 The TRIPS Development . . 46
3 Recent Article 66.2 Reporting . . 51
4 Developing Countries Require Adherence to the Obligations Established in the Conventions . . 61
5 Conclusion: Enigmatic Provisions and Uncreative Reporting . . 62

Chapter 4 - Technology Transfer and Competition Law: Options for Developing Countries . . 65
1 Interface between IPRs and Competition Law . . 67
2 International Reactions . . 70
3 Technology Transfer-Related Competition Law Enforcement in Developing Countries . . 73
4 Options for Developing Countries . . 88

Chapter 5 - Intellectual Property Rights, Technology Transfer and Development: The Case of Compulsory Licensing . . 89
1 IPR and Technology Transfer . . 92
2 History of Global Regulation and TRIPS . . 95
3 Historical Use of Compulsory Licensing . . 104
4 Statistical Evidence . . 113
5 Economic Tradeoffs . . 115
6 Policy Lessons . . 118

Chapter 6 - ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS . . 121
1 From TRIPS to TRIPS Plus . . 121
2 ACTA and Health Anxieties . . 129
3 The Uneasy Coexistence of ACTA and TRIPS . . 133
4 The Extension of TRIPS Plus Norms to Developing Countries: The Case of Vietnam . . 140
5 Destabilizing TRIPS . . 144

Chapter 7 - Breaking Down Barriers to Technology Transfer: Reforming WTO Standard-Setting Rules and Establishing an Advisory Facility in Standard-Setting for Developing and Least Developed Countries . . 149
1 Technology Standard-Setting, Intellectual Property and Issues for Developing Countries . . 150
2 TBT Agreement and Proposal for Reform . . 160
3 Advisory Facility on Standard-Setting for Developing and Least Developed Countries . . 172
4 Conclusion . . 174

Chapter 8 - Technology Transfer and Climate Change . . 177
1 All Climate Change Technology Was Not Created Equal . . 180
2 Dilemmas of Scale in Climate Change Technology Transfer . . 188
3 Towards a Multidimensional Approach to Climate Change Technology Transfer . . 189
4 Conclusion . . 193

Chapter 9 - Technology Transfer and Benefit Sharing under the Biodiversity Convention . . 195
1 What Is Technology Transfer? . . 198
2 Technology Transfer in the Context of the Convention . . 201
3 Assessing Article 23 . . 212
4 Conclusions: Towards Technology Governance? . . 218

Chapter 10 - Sustainable Technology Transfer, Climate Control, and Renewable Power in Vietnam . . 221
1 The Global Climate Challenge and Energy Technology . . 223
2 What Works in Developing Nations? . . 227
3 Vietnam Initiatives on Carbon and Renewables . . 234
4 Embellishing the Sustainable Energy Opportunities in Vietnam through International Climate Change Programs . . 242
5 Conclusion: Solving the International Climate Change Equation . . 249

Chapter 11 - Vietnam: A Case Study for Sustainable Technology Transfer . . 251
1 Law and Practice on Compulsory Licensing . . 255
2 Law and Practice on Parallel Imports . . 263
3 Competition Law and Policy on Technology Transfer . . 278
4 Zuellig Pharma Vietnam Case . . 280
5 Conclusion . . 283

Chapter 12 - From Reality to Law: Sustainable Technology Transfer - An Outlook . . 287
1 Trends . . 287
2 Law of Technology Transfer . . 289
3 A Way Forward . . 295

Bibliography . . 301
Index . . 323

Acknowledgments . . vii
List of Abbreviations . . ix
1. Corruption: A Window into the State of Postwar Lebanon . . 1
2. Assessing Corruption . . 18
3. Public Institutions and Bureaucratic Organization . . 72
4. The Political Settlement of the Second Republic . . 122
5. The Politics of State-Building and Corruption . . 164
6. Corruption and the Primacy of Politics . . 223
Epilogue . . 242
References . . 251
Index . . 267

Acknowledgments . . ix
Introduction . . 1

Part I: First Thoughts
1. The "Tragedy of Organization" . . 15
2. The Ideal and the Real . . 29

Part II: Organizations and Institutions
3. Organizations and Ideals . . 45
4. Institutional Leadership . . 66
5. Pathos and Politics . . 92

Part III: Law
6. Jurisprudential Sociology . . 105
7. The Rule of Law: Expansion . . 129
8. The Rule of Law: Transformation . . 163
9. Values, Conflict, Development . . 197

Part IV: Social Philosophy
10. Morality and Modernity . . 213
11. Communitarian Liberalism . . 248

Conclusion: Missing What Matters . . 275

Notes . . 285
Index . . 321

Tables, Graphs, and Illustrations . . ix
Preface . . xi

1. The New Generation of Political Advocacy Groups . . 3
2. The MoveOn Effect: Disruptive Innovation in the Interest Group Ecology of American Politics . . 22
3. Political Blogs as Political Associations . . 52
4. "Online Tools for Offline Action" Neo-Federated Political Associations . . 77
5. Netroots as Networks—Building Progressive Infrastructure . . 101
6. Don't Think of an Online Elephant . . 125
7. Innovation Edges, Advocacy Inflation, and Sedimentary Organizations . . 156

Research Appendix—Method Notes for Studying Internet-Mediated Organizations . . 173
Notes . . 193
Bibliography . . 211
Index . . 227

Introduction: Placing California in Post-World War II American Politics . . 1
Chapter 1. Politics and Party in California at Mid-Century . . 11
Chapter 2. Building the Democratic Party in the 1940s . . 31
Chapter 3. The Stevenson Effect . . 55
Chapter 4. A Democratic Order . . 83
Chapter 5. Turning Point: California Politics in the 1950s . . 105
Chapter 6. The Liberal Moment . . 123
Chapter 7. Democratic Politics and the Brown Administration . . 155
Chapter 8. Welfare Reform and the Idea of the Family . . 183
Chapter 9. Culture Wars, Politics, and Power . . 205
Chapter 10. The Legacy of the Democratic Party Renaissance . . 239
Epilogue: Liberal Politics in California in an "Era of Limits" . . 269

Notes . . 281
Index . . 333
Acknowledgments . . 341

List of Abbreviations . . xvii
Table of Cases . . xix
Table of Statutory Provisions . . xxxix

1. English Law and Practice . . 1
A. Introduction . . 1.01
B. The Basis of English Law . . 1.03
C. Common Law and Equity . . 1.32
D. Common Law and Civil Law . . 1.40
E. Contract and Tort . . 1.43
F. The English Law of Contract . . 1.47
G. Freedom of Contract and Binding Contract . . 1.86
H. Companies and Contracts . . 1.109
I. Debt and Damages . . 1.114
J. The Meaning of Indemnity . . 1.120

2. Petroleum Contracts . . 34
A. Introduction . . 2.01
B. The Petroleum Sector . . 2.03
C. Upstream Contracts . . 2.14
D. Midstream Contracts . . 2.37
E. Downstream Contracts . . 2.45
F. General Contracts . . 2.57

3. Preliminary Contracts . . 50
A. Introduction . . 3.01
B. Preliminary Contracts . . 3.06
C. The Obligation for Further Negotiation . . 3.23
D. Independent Contracts . . 3.66
E. Option Contracts . . 3.85

4. Conditional Contracts . . 69
A. Introduction . . 4.01
B. Defining Conditions under English Law . . 4.03
C. How Conditions Precedent Work . . 4.18
D. Conditionality in Petroleum Contracts . . 4.48

5. Joint Ventures . . 83
A. Introduction . . 5.01
B. Joint Venture Definition and Rationale . . 5.06
C. Incorporated and Unincorporated Joint Ventures . . 5.33
D. Partnerships . . 5.63
E. Joint Operating Agreements . . 5.80
F. Partnerships and Joint Operating Agreements Contrasted . . 5.112

6. Third Parties and Security Interests . . 112
A. Introduction . . 6.01
B. Vicarious Performance . . 6.08
C. Third Parties and Privity of Contract . . 6.20
D. Agency and Attorneys . . 6.37
E. Security Interests . . 6.71

7. Equitable Rights and Remedies . . 132
A. Introduction . . 7.01
B. The Role of Equity . . 7.06
C. Trusts . . 7.22
D. Fiduciary Duties . . 7.42
E. Specific Enforcement . . 7.98
F. Other Equitable Remedies . . 7.128

8. Contracts for Sale and Supply . . 161
A. Introduction . . 8.01
B. Commingled Petroleum . . 8.09
C. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 . . 8.23
D. Transfers of Title, Risk, and Custody . . 8.54
E. Implied Terms . . 8.74
F. Take or Pay . . 8.95
G. Retention of Title . . 8.132
H. Contracts of Bailment . . 8.149

9. Collateral Support . . 191
A. Introduction . . 9.01
B. Guarantees . . 9.07
C. Demand Guarantees . . 9.77
D. Documentary Credits . . 9.90
E. Letters of Comfort . . 9.104
F. Decommissioning Security . . 9.132
G. Practical Aspects of Collateral Support . . 9.140

10. Impossibility and Impracticability of Performance . . 226
A. Introduction . . 10.01
B. Absolute Contracts . . 10.08
C. The Doctrine of Frustration . . 10.19
D. The Doctrine of Force Majeure . . 10.54
E. Force Majeure and Frustration Reconciled . . 10.122
F. Hardship and Material Adverse Change . . 10.129
G. Impossibility and Impracticability in Petroleum Contracts . . 10.153

11. Damages for Breach of Contract . . 260
A. Introduction . . 11.01
B. The Basis of Damages . . 11.06
C. Assessing Damages under English Law . . 11.18
D. Assessing Damages in Detail . . 11.53
E. Restitutionary Remedies . . 11.78
F. Liquidated Damages and Penalties . . 11.85
G. Particular Damages Issues . . 11.118

12. Termination . . 292
A. Introduction . . 12.01
B. Discharge by Performance . . 12.04
C. Termination by Agreement . . 12.16
D. Discharge by Breach . . 12.26
E. Contractual Termination . . 12.56
F. Discharge by Operation of Law . . 12.85
G. Consequences of Termination . . 12.104
H. Termination in Petroleum Contracts . . 12.118

13. Liability Allocation . . 322
A. Introduction . . 13.01
B. Theories of Loss and Liability . . 13.06
C. Concurrent Liability in Contract and Tort . . 13.33
D. Consequential Loss . . 13.44
E. Liability Caps . . 13.58
F. Exclusion Clauses . . 13.64
G. Wilful Misconduct and Gross Negligence . . 13.90
H. Insurance . . 13.104
I. Operator Liability . . 13.118
J. Other Recoveries . . 13.133

14. Transfers of Interests . . 351
A. Introduction . . 14.01
B. Transfers of Contractual Rights by Law . . 14.05
C. Transfers of Contractual Obligations . . 14.22
D. Transfers of Interests Regulated by Contract . . 14.35
E. Financing Transfers . . 14.53
F. Pre-emption Rights . . 14.57
G. Change of Control . . 14.103
H. Farm Outs and Earn Outs . . 14.111

15. Law and Disputes . . 379
A. Introduction . . 15.01
B. Governing Law and Jurisdiction . . 15.08
C. Options for Dispute Resolution . . 15.29
D. Dispute Resolution Mechanisms . . 15.50
E. Public International Law Remedies . . 15.81
F. Sovereign Immunity . . 15.89
G. Industry Custom and Practice . . 15.97
H. Price Reviews . . 15.104

16. Miscellaneous . . 405
A. Introduction . . 16.01
B. Amendment . . 16.03
C. Confidentiality . . 16.09
D. Entire Agreement . . 16.27
E. Joint and Several Liability . . 16.38
F. Lock-out and Lock-in . . 16.49
G. Reasonable and Best Endeavours . . 16.54
H. Set-off . . 16.78
I. Severability . . 16.87
J. Time of the Essence . . 16.99
K. Warranties and Representations . . 16.115

Index . . 437

Acronyms . . ix
Series Editor's Foreword . . xii
Foreword . . xiii
Preface . . xv
Map . . xxvi

INTRODUCTION . . 3
Ch. 1 Why the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Matters . . 3

Part I: CULTURE, GENDER, AND THE ENVIRONMENT . . 25
Ch. 2 Oil and Cultural Crisis: The Case of the Niger Delta . . 27
Ch. 3 Women and the Niger Delta Question . . 39
Ch. 4 Environmental Justice, Democracy, and the Inevitability of Cultural Change in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis of the Niger Delta Dilemma . . 51

Part II: GOVERNANCE . . 65
Ch. 5 Minorities and Resource Allocation in a Transitional State: The Nigerian Experience . . 67
Ch. 6 Notes from the Field: Challenges to Democratic Elections in Nigeria . . 85
Ch. 7 The Role of Leadership in Promoting Successful Dialogue in a Fragile State: Contextualizing the Yar'Adua-Jonathan Administration in the Niger Delta . . 95

Part III: DEVELOPMENT . . 111
Ch. 8 'Agony in the Garden': Incongruity of Governance and the Travails of Port Harcourt City, Niger Delta, Nigeria, 1912-2010 . . 113
Ch. 9 Charting Pathways to Development in the Riverine Areas of the Niger Delta Region . . 129
Ch. 10 Moving Beyond Ideological Approaches to the Crises of the Niger Delta . . 143
Ch. 11 From Operation Law and Order to Operation Restore Hope: Human Security Crisis in the Niger Delta . . 169
Ch. 12 Re-Framing the Public Sphere Through Community-Based Resistance: The Role of the Media and Civil Society in a Fragile State . . 185

Part IV: SECURITY AND THE AMNESTY PROGRAMME . . 205
Ch. 13 Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) Proliferation and Instability in the Niger Delta: An Analysis of the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDK) Process . . 207
Ch. 14 Armed Militancy in the Niger Delta: Quintessential Play-Off of Sub-Regional Economic Disparities . . 221
Ch. 15 The Amnesty Programme and the Future of the Niger Delta: An Overview of the Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) Strategy for Sustainable Peace . . 237
Ch. 16 Amnesty and Peace-Building in the Niger Delta: Addressing the Frustration-Aggression Trap . . 251
Ch. 17 The Niger Delta Amnesty Programme: What Manner of Peace Deal? . . 271

CONCLUSION
Why "New Civilizing Arrangements" Are Required for the Restoration of Paradise . . 287

About the Editors . . 297
Index . . 299

List of Tables . . xvii
List of Exhibits . . xix
Preface to Third Edition . . xxi
Preface to Second Edition . . xxiii
Preface to First Edition . . xxv

CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to International Contracting . . 1

CHAPTER 2 - Principles of Contract Drafting . . 9
§2.01 A Note on International Negotiations . . 10
§2.02 Principles of International Contract Law . . 13
§2.03 The Bernina Case . . 15
§2.04 The Limitations of Language . . 17
§2.05 Generic Contract: Checklist . . 18
§2.06 Reasonable Person Theory of Contract Writing . . 29
§2.07 Interpreting Contracts: Fabricating the Reasonable Person . . 30
§2.08 Standard Form Contracts . . 35
§2.09 How Do Lawyers Begin Drafting a Contract? . . 37
§2.10 Model Forms . . 38
§2.11 Selecting the Right Form . . 40
§2.12 Structure of Agreement . . 42
§2.13 Creating a Contract Review Checklist . . 43
§2.14 Outsourcing of Legal Work . . 47
§2.15 Using Information Technology in Contract Drafting . . 48
§2.16 The Problem with Metadata . . 49
§2.17 Proactive Contracting . . 50
§2.18 Long-Term, Complex, Joint Venture, and Alliance Contracts . . 52
§2.19 Contract Design . . 52
§2.20 Transactional Lawyer's Role . . 54
§2.21 Risk and Uncertainty . . 54
§2.22 General References: Contract Drafting . . 57
§2.23 Strategic Contracting: References . . 58
§2.24 Government Procurement References . . 58

CHAPTER 3 - Common International Contract Clauses . . 59
§3.01 Preamble . . 60
§3.02 Definitions . . 60
§3.03 Contract Price . . 61
§3.04 Taxes Term . . 61
§3.05 Delivery Term . . 62
§3.06 Payment Term . . 64
§3.07 Merger or Final Integration Clause . . 64
§3.08 Modification or Change Clause: Writing Requirement . . 66
§3.09 Modification or Change Clause: Substance . . 67
§3.10 Choice of Law Clause . . 68
§3.11 Judicial Abrogation of Choice of Law . . 68
§3.12 Excluding Forum or Choice of Law: States' Conflict of Law Rules . . 70
§3.13 Dispute Resolution Clauses . . 71
§3.14 Arbitration and Mediation Clauses . . 73
§3.15 Standard Arbitration Clauses . . 75
§3.16 Conciliation and Mediation . . 78
§3.17 International Bar Association Guideline:for Drafting International Arbitration Clause . . 85
§3.18 Legality of Arbitration and Forum Selection Clauses . . 87
§3.19 Force Majeure Clause . . 89
§3.20 Just-In-Time Contracting . . 95
§3.21 Force Majeuire and Hardship Clauses . . 95
§3.22 Handcuffs Clause . . 99
§3.23 Termination Clause . . 99
§3.24 Liquidated Damages Clause . . 100
§3.25 Warranty Provision . . 102
§3.26 Operative Clauses in Sales Contracts . . 104

CHAPTER 4 - The Documentary Transaction . . 109
§4.01 Key Points in Documentary Collections (Without Letter of Credit) . . 110
§4.02 The Sales Contract and Documentary Transaction . . 112
§4.03 List of Export Documents . . 113
§4.04 Bills of Lading . . 115
§4.05 Issues Pertaining to Bills of Lading . . 117
§4.06 Air Waybill of Lading . . 121
§4.07 Letters of Credit . . 122
§4.08 Dispute Resolution Clause . . 130
§4.09 Guarantees of Performance . . 130
§4.10 Export License . . 134
§4.11 Foreign Import Restrictions and Requirements . . 139
§4.12 Assessment of Import Duties . . 140
§4.13 Trade Liberalization . . 143

CHAPTER 5 - National Laws Affecting International Contracts . . 147
§5.01 Negotiating an International Contract . . 147
§5.02 Pre-contractual Liability . . 149
§5.03 Common Law . . 150
§5.04 Civil Law . . 151
§5.05 Informal Writings . . 153
§5.06 Convergence and Divergence of National Laws . . 156
§5.07 National Contract Codes and Restatements of Law . . 159
§5.08 Russian Civil Code . . 159
§5.09 Contract Law of the People's Republic of China . . 165
§5.10 Chinese Contract Law: A Closer Look . . 167
§5.11 Summary of Selected Provisions of the Contract Law of China . . 168
§5.12 Standard Terms or General Conditions: PECL and German BGB . . 173
§5.13 Principles of European Contract Law . . 173
§5.14 Standard Terms Mandated by Law . . 175
§5.15 German Standard Provisions Law . . 176
§5.16 Conflict of Law Rules . . 179
§5.17 Issue Specific Regulations: Marking and Standards . . 180
§5.18 European Union: Products Liability and Unfair Practices Directives . . 182
§5.19 Anti-bribery Laws . . 182

CHAPTER 6 - International Sales Contract . . 185
§6.01 The Export-Import Contract . . 185
§6.02 Model International Sales Contract . . 186
§6.03 Menu of Terms for an International Sales Contract . . 189
§6.04 Selecting a Trade Term . . 193
§6.05 General Conditions (Standard Terms) . . 201
§6.06 Unfair Contract Terms . . 210
§6.07 Securing Payment . . 211
§6.08 Product Liability . . 211
§6.09 Limitation Period . . 212
§6.10 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts . . 214
§6.11 Principles of European Contract Law . . 218
§6.12 EU Consumer Sales Directive . . 223
§6.13 Common European Sales Law . . 224
§6.14 Countertrade . . 224
§6.15 UNCITRAL Countertrade Guide . . 230

CHAPTER 7 - International Sales Law: Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods . . 231
§7.01 International Sales Law . . 231
§7.02 Choice of Law and Conflict of Laws . . 232
§7.03 Seller versus Buyer: ICC Case No. 5713 of 1989 . . 232
§7.04 Choice of Law under the CISC . . 236
§7.05 Sale of Goods Defined . . 236
§7.06 The Parol Evidence Rule and the CISC . . 237
§7.07 Issues of Contract Law: CISC and Uniform Commercial Code . . 240
§7.08 Mechanics of Formation . . 245
§7.09 General Conditions and Standard Terms . . 247
§7.10 Written Confirmation . . 249
§7.11 Firm Offer Rule . . 250
§7.12 Battle of Forms . . 250
§7.13 Contract Interpretation . . 254
§7.14 The Importance of the Frigaliment Case . . 255
§7.15 Warranty Law . . 257
§7.16 Disclaimer of Warranty . . 258
§7.17 Buyer's Duty to Inspect, Give Timely and Proper Notice . . 259
§7.18 Nachfrist Notice . . 260
§7.19 Nachfrist Case Study . . 260
§7.20 Seller's Right to Cure . . 261
§7.21 Anticipatory Breach and Adequate Assurance . . 262
§7.22 Damages . . 262
§7.23 Contractual Excuses . . 264
§7.24 Excuse of Frustration . . 265
§7.25 Summary . . 266
§7.26 Opting Out of the CISC . . 268

CHAPTER 8 - General Principles of Service Contracting . . 271
§8.01 Sale of Services . . 271
§8.02 The Employment Relationship . . 272
§8.03 The Independent Contractor Contract . . 275
§8.04 Commercial Agency Contracts: The Foreign Sales Representative . . 275
§8.05 Consulting and Services Contracts . . 280
§8.06 Consulting Agreement .. 283
§8.07 Simple Consulting or Retainer Agreement . . 287
§8.08 Government Regulation of Agency Relationship . . 288
§8.09 More on EU Agency Law . . 289
§8.10 Service Contract: Standard Terms . . 290
§8.11 Best Practices . . 296
§8.12 Logistical Services . . 297
§8.13 Carriage of Goods Contracts . . 297
§8.14 Law of Freight Forwarding . . 299
§8.15 Risk Insurance . . 300
§8.16 Transit Insurance . . 301
§8.17 Liberalization of Trade in Services . . 304
§8.18 Internationalization of Accounting and Taxation . . 304
§8.19 Advertising Law . . 306
§8.20 Comparative Advertising . . 307
§8.21 Professional Standards of International Advertising . . 308

CHAPTER 9 - Distribution Agreements . . 311
§9.01 The Distribution Agreement . . 311
§9.02 Framework for Drafting Distribution Agreement . . 317
§9.03 General Terms . . 329
§9.04 Host Country Restrictions . . 330

CHAPTER 10 - Intellectual Property Licensing . . 333
§10.01 International Conventions . . 333
§10.02 National Intellectual Property Law . . 335
§10.03 Protecting Your Product from IPR Infringement . . 337
§10.04 Revision of Russian Intelletual Property Law . . 340
§10.05 Business Method and Software Patents . . 340
§10.06 Technology Licensing . . 341
§10.07 Licensing in Germany . . 342
§10.08 Extraterritorial Application of United States Law . . 344
§10.09 The Gray Market . . 345
§10.10 Foreign Transfer Restrictions . . 347
§10.11 European Union Regulations . . 347
§10.12 Regulations of the People's Republic of China . . 349
§10.13 Chinese Technology Contract Law . . 350
§10.14 Due Diligence . . 351
§10.15 Important Contractual Provisions . . 354
§10.16 Grant Clause and Liability Limitation Clauses . . 355
§10.17 Choice of Law Clause . . 356
§10.18 Generic Transfer Clauses . . 357
§10.19 Software Contracts . . 367
§10.20 Foreign Registration and Approval . . 368

CHAPTER 11 - Joint Venture and Franchise Contracts . . 369
§11.01 Due Diligence . . 370
§11.02 Defining Joint Venture . . 371
§11.03 Selecting the Organizational Entity . . 372
§11.04 Key Joint Venture Negotiation Issues . . 373
§11.05 Generic Joint Venture Provisions . . 376
§11.06 Formation of Joint Ventures . . 376
§11.07 Purpose and Scope of Joint Venture . . 376
§11.08 Purchase Price . . 377
§11.09 Required Capital Contributions and Subsequent Funding . . 377
§11.10 Mutual Representations and Warranties . . 377
§11.11 Conditions to Closing . . 377
§11.12 Covenants . . 378
§11.13 Indemnification Provisions . . 378
§11.14 Termination . . 378
§11.15 Dispute Resolution . . 378
§11.16 Transfer of Joht Venture Interests . . 378
§11.17 Restrictive Covenants . . 379
§11.18 Miscellaneous Issues . . 379
§11.19 Exit Strategies for International Joint Ventures . . 379
§11.20 Ancillary Agreements and Documentation . . 383
§11.21 Strategic Contracts: Joint Ventures and Global Alliances . . 384
§11.22 Foreign Government Regulation . . 385
§11.23 People's Republic of China . . 385
§11.24 People's Republic of China Commercial Joint Venture Laws . . 385
§11.25 Franchising . . 389
§11.26 United States Franchise Law and the Franchise Agreement . . 389
§11.27 International Franchising . . 394
§11.28 UNIDROIT Guide to International Master Franchising . . 396
§11.29 EU Franchise Regulations . . 396
§11.30 Franchise Law of China . . 398

CHAPTER 12 - Confidentiality and Non-disclosure Agreements . . 401
§12.01 Introduction . . 401
§12.02 Unilateral versus Reciprocal Non-disclosure Agreements . . 402
§12.03 Specification of Uses of Information and Parties Gaining Access . . 402
§12.04 Agreement to Share Information . . 404
§12.05 Consultant Confidentiality Agreement . . 405
§12.06 Model Confidentiality Agreements . . 406
§12.07 Covenants Not-to-Compete . . 407

CHAPTER 13 - Electronic Contracting . . 413
§13.01 UNCITRAL's Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts . . 414
§13.02 EU Data Transfer Agreement . . 414
§13.03 National Contract Laws and E-Commerce . . 418
§13.04 E-Contracting and Standard Terms . . 421
§13.05 Electronic Data Interchange . . 422
§13.06 Electronic Commerce . . 422
§13.07 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce . . 427
§13.08 United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts . . 430
§13.09 Domain Names and Trademark Infringement . . 432
§13.10 Personal Jurisdiction . . 433
§13.11 The 'Shrink-Wrap' Contract . . 434
§13.12 Electronic Documentation . . 436
§13.13 The New Electronic Services Industry . . 437
§13.14 E-Commerce Ethics . . 438
§13.15 General References: Electronic Contracting . . 438

APPENDIX 1 - General Sources . . 439
APPENDIX 2 - United Nations Convention on Contractsfor the International Sale of Goods (1980) . . 443
APPENDIX 3 - United Nations Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods . . 467
APPENDIX 4 - UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts . . 475
APPENDIX 5 - The Principles of European Contract Law (1998) . . 501
APPENDIX 6 - Common European Sales Law (Proposed) . . 533
APPENDIX 7 - Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (Excerpts) . . 617
Index . . 641

Acknowledgements . . xi
List of Abbreviations . . xiii

1 Introduction . . 1
1.1. An Overview of the Financing of Space Ventures . . 3
1.2. The Challenges of Financing Space Assets . . 7
1.3. An Example of an Efficient Law of Secured Finance: Article 9 of the U.C.C. . . 15
1.4. The Cape Town Convention: A New Era of Asset-Backed Finance . . 20
1.5. The Genesis and Drafting of the Convention and Space Assets Protocol . . 23
1.6. Industry Reception of the Space Assets Protocol . . 27

2 The Operation of the Convention and the Space Assets Protocol . . 29
2.1. The Nature of an International Interest . . 30
2.1.1. Security Interests . . 31
2.1.2. Conditional Sales . . 32
2.1.3. Leases . . 32
2.1.4. Resolving Questions about the Nature of a Transaction . . 33
2.1.5. The Requirement of a "Uniquely Identifiable Space Asset" . . 34
2.2. The Definition of "Space Asset" . . 34
2.3. The Sphere of Application of the Convention . . 38
2.3.1. General Rules Regarding the Sphere of Application of the Convention . . 38
2.3.2. The Application of the Convention to Vehicles Only Temporarily in Space . . 39
2.3.3. The Application of the Convention to Pre-existing Interests . . 41
2.3.4. Internal Transactions . . 42
2.3.5. Entry into Force . . 43
2.4. Creating an International Interest . . 44
2.4.1. The Requirement of a Written Agreement . . 44
2.4.2. The Requirement of the "Power to Dispose" . . 45
2.4.3. The Requirement of the Sufficient Identification of the Asset . . 46
2.4.4. The Requirement of a Statement of Obligations Secured and the Permissibility of Future Advances . . 48

2.5. Registering an International Interest . . 49
2.5.1. The Registry . . 50
2.5.2. Mechanics of Registration . . 51
2.5.3. Registration of Prospective International Interests . . 54
2.5.4. Duration and Discharge of a Registration . . 55
2.5.5. Searching the Registry . . 57
2.5.6. Errors in Search Results . . 59
2.6. Priority . . 59
2.6.1. The "First to File" Rule . . 60
2.6.2. Priority among Buyers and Competing Claimants . . 62
2.6.3. Subordination . . 63
2.7. The Effects of Installation, Removal, and Docking of a Space Asset . . 64
2.8. Assignment of Associated Rights and Related International Interests . . 65
2.8.1. Formalities of an Assignment of Associated Rights . . 66
2.8.2. Effect of an Assignment of Associated Rights . . 68
2.8.3. Registering an Assignment of an International Interest . . 69
2.8.4. Priority Issues Related to an Assignment of an International Interest . . 69
2.9. Assignment of Debtor's Rights . . 72
2.9.1. Formalities of a Rights Assignment . . 73
2.9.2. Effect of a Rights Assignment . . 74
2.9.3. Recording a Rights Assignment . . 75
2.9.4. Priority among Multiple Assignees . . 77
2.10. Sales . . 77
2.11. Remedies . . 80
2.11.1. The General Requirement of Commercial Reasonability . . 81
2.11.2. Default . . 82
2.11.3. Remedies for the Chargee . . 83
2.11.4. Redemption . . 88
2.11.5. Remedies for the Conditional Seller or Lessor . . 89
2.11.6. Additional Remedies . 90
2.11.7. Remedies for the Assignee of Associated Rights as Security . . 90
2.11.8. Remedies for the Assignee of Debtor's Rights as Security . . 91
2.11.9. Interim Relief Pending Final Adjudication . . 91
2.11.10. Remedies on Insolvency . . 94
2.11.11. Command Codes and Related Data . . 99
2.11.12. Procedural Requirements for the Enforcement of Remedies . . 99
2.11.13. Limitations on Remedies: Physically Linked Space Assets . . 100
2.11.14. Limitations on Remedies: Controlled Technology & Licenses . . 102
2.11.15. Limitations on Remedies: Public Services . . 104
2.11.16. Modifying Remedy Provisions by Agreement . . 106
2.12. Other Issues . . 107
2.12.1. Proceeds . . 107
2.12.2. Salvage Interests . . 109
2.12.3. Subrogation . . 111
2.12.4. Non-Consensual Rights and Interests . . 111
2.12.5. Jurisdiction and Choice of Forum . . 114
2.12.6. Waiver of Sovereign Immunity . . 116
2.12.7. Choice of Law . . 116
2.12.8. Interpreting the Convention and Protocol . . 117
2.12.9. The Convention's Relationship to its Protocols and to Other Treaties . . 119
2.12.1O. Declarations . . 120

3 The Relation of the Convention to the Law of Outer Space . . 123
3.1. An Overview of the Law of Outer Space . . 124
3.2. The Primacy of the Space Treaties . . 131
3.3. The Definitions ofSpace", "Space Object" and "Space Asset" . . 134
3.4. Liability for Damage Caused by a Space Object . . 141
3.4.1. An Overview of Liability in Space . . 141
3.4.2. How the Protocol May Increase Existing Tensions in the Law Governing Liability in Space . . 148
3.4.3. How the Convention May Assist in Determining Liability . . 154
3.5. The Convention's Relation to the Rescue and Return Agreement . . 158
3.5.1. An Overview of the Duty to Return Space Objects and Rescue Personnel . . 159
3.5.2. How the Rescue and Return Agreement Can Protect the Interests of a Creditor . . 162
3.5.3. How the Rescue and Return Agreement Could Harm the Interests of a Creditor . . 165
3.6. Jurisdiction under the Outer Space Treaty and Registration Convention . . 167
3.6.1. A Summary of the Convention's Provisions on Jurisdiction . . 168
3.6.2. How the Outer Space Treaty Affects the Jurisdictional Provisions of the Convention . . 169
3.6.3. The State of Registry's Retention of Jurisdiction after Transfer . . 173
3.7. The Convention's Relation to the Moon Agreement . . 177
3.8. The Convention's Relation to the ITU Instruments . . 181

Annexes
Annex 1: Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment . . 189
Annex 2: Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Space Assets . . 223
Bibliography . . 251
Index . . 259

List of ICSID Cases . . xv
Table of Cases . . xxxv
Table of Treaties . . xliii
List of Abbreviations . . li

1. Introduction . . 1
I. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . . 2
II. The International Finance Corporation, International Development Association and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency . . 5
III. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes . . 8

2. Origins of the Convention . . 11
I. Proposed multilateral approaches to the promotion of private foreign investment . . 12
  A. Investment insurance . . 12
  B. A code of conduct . . 13
  C. An arbitral body for investment disputes . . 16
II. The World Bank considers the proposals . . 18
  A. The Bank's wrk on an IIIA . . 18
  B. The proposed code of conduct . . 19
  C. The dispute settlement approach . . 21
III. The role of "Black's Bank" in the settlement of investment disputes . . 21
IV. The Bank begins to work on the initiative . . 24

3. Broches's "Working Paper" . . 27
I. The Working Paper . . 30
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 30
  B. Provisions on the jurisdiction of the Center . . 34
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 35
II. The initial meetings of the Committee of the Whole . . 37

4. The Preliminary Draft of the Convention . . 43
I. The Preliminary Draft . . 44
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 44
  B. Provisions on the jurisdiction of the Center . . 46
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 47
  D. Other provisions . . 49
II. Sources tor the Preliminary Draft . . 51
III. The regional consultative meetings . . 53
  A. Discussions regarding the establishment and organization of the Center . . 56
  B. Discussions regarding the jurisdiction of the Center . . 57
  C. Discussions regarding conciliation and arbitration . . 60
  D. Discussions regarding int proceedings, amendments and participation in the Convention . . 62

5. Finalizing the Text of the Convention . . 65
I. The First Draft . . 68
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 68
  B. Provisions on the jurisdtion of the Center . . 70
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 71
  D. Other provisions . . 74
II. The Legal Committee meetings . . 75
  A. Discussions regarding the establishment and organization of the Centre . . 77
  B. Discussions regarding the jurisdiction of the Centre . . 79
  C. Discussions regarding conciliation and arbitration . . 83
  D. Discussions of other provisions . . 87
III. Concluding steps . . 89
  A. The final meetings of the Committee of the Whole . . 90
  B. Approval of the final text . . 94

6. Establishment and Launch of the Centre . . 95
I. The Inaugural meeting of the Administrative Council . . 97
  A. Election of thtfirst Secretary-General of ICSID . . 98
  B. Adoption of the Provisional Regulations and Rules . . 100
  C. Approval of administrative and budgetary arrangement . . 101
II. The Provisional Regulations and Rules of the Centre . . 102
  A. The Provisional Administrative and Financial Regulations . . 103
  B. The Provisional Institution Rules . . 107
  C. The Provisional Conciliation Rules and Provisional Arbitration Rules . . 108
III. The Memorandum of Administrative Arrangements . . 112
IV. The first annual meeting of the Administrative Council . . 113
  A. The definitive Regulations and Rules . . 115
  B. The arrangements with the Permanent Court of Arbitration . . 117

7. ICSID's First Two Decades . . 119
I. Institutional developments . . 122
  A. Ratifications of the Convention . . 122
  B. The Administrative Council . . 122
  C. The Secretariat . . 125
  D. Designations to the Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 128
  E. Other measures by Contracting States pursuant to the Convention . . 130
II. Promoting consents to the jurisdiction of ICSID . . 132
III. An overview of the early cases . . 135
IV. The 1984 amendments of the ICSID Regulations and Rules . . 138
V. The Additional Facility . . 141
  A. The initial proposal for an Additional Facility . . 141
  B. The draft Additional Facility Rules . . 145
  C. Adoption of the Additional Facility Rules . . 147
  D. Continuation of the Additional Facility . . 149
VI. The appointing authority role . . 151
VII. The investment law publishing activities . . 153

8. Aspects of the Early Cases . . 157
I. Registration of requests to institute proceedings . . 158
II. The constitution of commissions and tribunals . . 161
III. Approaches to jurisdiction . . 165
IV. Provisional measures . . 173
V. Applicable law . . 178
VI. Annulment decisions of the 1980s . . 185
VII. Enforcement of awards . . 191

9. ICSID from 1989 to 1999 . . 195
I. The growing network of investment treaties . . 198
II. Institutional developments . . 204
  A. Ratificaions of the Convention . . 204
  B. The Secretariat . . 205
  C. The Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 207
  D. Agreements with other arbitration institutions . . 208
III. An overview of cases submitted to ICSID between 1989 and 1999 . . 208
IV. The first Additional Facility Proceedings . . 213
V. Some leading BIT cases of the 1990s . . 224
  A. Fedax v Venezuela . . 225
  B. Vivendi v Argentina. . . 227
  C. Maffezini v Spain . . 229
  D. Wena v Egypt . . 231

10. ICSID from 2000 to 2010 . . 235
I. Institutional developments . . 241
  A. Ratifications of the Convention . . 241
  B. The Secretariat . . 241
  C. The Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 245
II. The 2003 amendments of the Regulations and Rules . . 246
III. The 2006 amendments of the Regulations and Rules . . 249
IV. An overview of the expanded caseload . . 257

11. Aspects of the New Cases . . 261
I. Registration of requests to institute proceedings . . 261
II. The constitution of commissions and tribunals . . 264
  A. Patterns in the appointment of conciliators and arbitrators . . 264
  B. Resignations and disqualification piposals . . 266
  C. Published decisions on disqualification proposals . . 268
  D. Disqualification criteria . . 273
III. Approaches to jurisdiction . . 275
  A. Dasions regarding the meaning of "investment" . . 276
  B. Decisions differentiating between contract claims and treaty claims . . 285
  C. Decisions on the role of MFN clauses in establishing jurisdiction . . 293
IV. Provisional measures . . 296
  A. Decisions on the binding effect of provisional measures . . 297
  B. Decisions on requests for security for costs . . 301
V. Applicable Law . . 303
VI. Annulment decisions . . 307
VII. Enforcement of awards . . 314

12. Conclusion . . 321

Appendices
I. Working Paper in the Form of a Draft Convention for the Resolution of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, June 5, 1962 . . 331
II. Preliminary Draft of a Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, October 15, 1963 . . 348
III. Draft Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (First Draft), September 11, 1964 . . 372
IV. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States and Accompanying Report of the Executive Directors, March 18, 1965 . . 394

Select Bibliography . . 419
Index . . 425