Oxford University Press

Conventions of Reference . . xii
Abbreviations . . xiii

1. Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, the Adambooks, and the Vita Adae et Evae . . 1
2. Ireland . . 42
3. England, Wales, and Cornwall . . 74
4. The Holy Roman Empire and Beyond . . 137
5. France, Brittany, and Italy . . 208
6. Iconography . . 239
7. Litteras Achiliachas: Conclusion . . 252

Appendix: An Overview of the Vernacular Texts . . 263
Bibliography . . 267
Index . . 287

List of Abbreviations . . xi
Map of Russian Empire, 1912 . . xiv
Introduction. The Storyteller and His Story . . 1

1. Transcaucasia: Boyhood and Family on an Imperial Frontier, 1849—1865 . . 18
'On Ancestors [O predkakh]': Men and Masculinity . . 21
Frontier Women and Imperial Imagination . . 37
Conclusion: A Grandmother's Tale . . 48

2. Imperial Identity: Corning of Age in New Russia, 1865-1881 . . 57
The University and 'Studenthood' . . 61
Odessa and St Petersburg: The Railway Man in an Age of Empire . . 69
Conclusion: A New Russian . . 86

3. Kiev: Dreaming in the Victorian 1880s . . 90
'The Reality That Surrounds Us': Imperial Economy and Polity . . 96
Public and Private Lives . . 113
Imagining Autocracy . . 127
Conclusion: A Tale of the Counter-reforms . . 134

4. A City of Dreams: St Petersburg, the Empire of the Tsars, and Imperial Horizons in the Gilded Age (1889—1903) . . 138
Gospodin Minister: Witte as Imperial Official . . 144
The Witte System and the Empire of Gold . . 153
Fathers and Sons on the Road to War . . 170

5. From Exile: Memories of Re volutionary Russia, 1903—1912 . . 189
From Summer 1903 to October 1905: War, America, and Revolution . . 195
The Nightmare of 1905 . . 215
Conclusion: 'My Six-Month Ministry' . . 231

Conclusion: From the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, 1915 . . 241

Notes . . 254
Bibliography . . 291
Index . . 309

Preface . . v
Introduction . . ix
Using This Dictionary . . xiii
Pronunciation Key . . xv

1001 LEGAL WORDS YOU NEED TO KNOW . . 1
Choosing a Lawyer . . 18
How to Understand a Contract . . 58
The Common Law and the Civil Law . . 77
Making a Living Will . . 87
What is a Power of Attorney? . . 108
Thinking About Law School . . 127
What is Legal Ethics? . . 138
What to Do if You're Being Sued . . 173
Understanding Wills, Trusts, and Intestate Succession . . 197
Watching Lawyer Shows . . 205

Legal Aid Organizations . . 215
Further Reading . . 235

Acknowledgements . . ix
Introduction . . xi
Note on the Text . . xl
Select Bibliography . . xlv
A Chronology of Robert Baden-Powell . . l

SCOUTING FOR BOYS . . 1

Appendix: Continence . . 351
Explanatory Notes . . 353
Index . . 381

Preface . . ix
1. Introduction: The ABCs of OK . . 1
2. A Saturday Morning in Boston . . 28
3. 1840: Old Kinderhook Is OK . . 40
4. Hoax: Andrew Jackson's Misspelling . . 56
5. Aesthetics: The Look and Sound of OK . . 76
6. False Origins . . 80
7. The Business of OK . . 96
8. O.K. Clubs . . 117
9. The Literary OK .  123
10. Oklahoma Is OK . . 143
11. Okey-Dokey . . 147
12. Modern OK Literature . . 157
13. The Practical OK . . 166
14. The World—and England . . 171
15. The Lifemanship OK . . 182
16. The Psychological OK . . 185
17. The American Philosophy . . 196
Index . . 199

Contributors . . xix

Section One: Theoretical and Conceptual Foundations

Part I: Ethics Theory and Decision Making
Introduction . . 3
1. An Explanation and a Method for the Ethics of Journalism . . 9
2. Moral Development and Journalism . . 25

Part II: History and Justification
Introduction . . 35
3. Press Freedom and Responsibility . . 39
4. The Moral Justification for Journalism . . 53
5. The Search for Global Media Ethics . . 69

Part III: What Is Journalism? Who Is a Journalist?
Introduction . . 85
6. Why Journalism Is a Profession . . 91
7. Who Is a Journalist? . . 103
8. Norms and the Network: Journalistic Ethics in a Shared Media Space . . 117

Part IV: Objectivity
Introduction . . 131
9. Inventing Objectivity: New Philosophical Foundations . . 137
10. Is Objective News Possible? . . 153

Section Two: The Practice of Journalism

Part V: The Business of Journalism
Introduction . . 167
11. Journalism's Tangled Web: Business, Ethics, and Professional Practice . . 171
12. The Decline of the News Business . . 185
13. Covering a World That's Falling Apart, When Yours Is Too . . 193

Part VI: Privacy
Introduction . . 197
14. The Ethics of Privacy . . 203
15. Understanding and Respecting Privacy . . 215

Part VII: Approaching the News: Reporters and Consumers
Introduction . . 231
16. Conflicting Loyalties and Personal Choices . . 237
17. A Robust Future for Conflict of Interest . . 249
18. Respecting Sources' Confidentiality: Critical but Not Absolute . . 271
19. The Ethical Obligations of News Consumers . . 283

Part VIII: Getting the Story
Introduction . . 297
20. The Ethos of "Getting the Story" . . 301
21. Mitigation Watchdogs: The Ethical Foundation for a Journalist's Role . . 311

Part IX: Image Ethics
Introduction . . 325
22. Visual Ethics: An Integrative Approach to Ethical Practice in Visual Journalism . . 331
23. Ethics and Images: Five Major Concerns . . 351

Index . . 359

List of Illustrations . . ix
List of Contributors . . xi

1. Introduction: Paradox and the Marvellous in Augustan Literature and Culture . . 1
2. Horace's Ars Poetica and the Marvellous . . 19
3. Where the Wild Things Are: Locating the Marvellous in Augustan Wall Painting . . 41
4. Against Nature? Some Augustan Responses to Man-made Marvels  . . 75
5. Virgil: A Paradoxical Poet? . . 95
6. The Question of the Marvellous in the Georgics of Virgil . . 113
7. In Search of the Lost Hercules: Strategies of the Fantastic in the Aeneid . . 126
8. Thaumatographia, or 'What is a Theme?' . . 145
9. Phaethon and the Monsters . . 163
10. Prodigiosa mendada uatum: Responses to the Marvellous in Ovid's Narrative of Perseus (Metamorphoses 4-5) . . 189
11. Encountering the Fantastic: Expectations, Forms of Communication, Reactions . . 213
12. Constructing a Narrative of mira deum: The Story of Philemon and Baucis (Ovid, Metamorphoses 8) . . 231
13. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.416-51: noua monstra and the foedera naturae . . 248
14. Latrator Anubis: Alien Divinities in Augustan Rome, and how to Tame Monsters through Aetiology . . 268
15. Ordering Wonderland: Ovid's Pythagoras and the Augustan Vision . . 288
16. Delusions of Grandeur: Lucretian 'Passages' in Livy . . 310
17. The Strange Art of the Sententious Declaimer . . 330

References . . 350
Indexes . . 381

1 Uses of foams . . 1
1 The foams around us . . 1
1.1 Foams in mythology . . 1
1.2 On your plate and in your glass . . 1
1.3 Detergents and cosmetics . . 3
1.4 Spontaneous or undesirable foams . . 4
2 Foam identification . . 4
2.1 Physico-chemical constituents . . 4
2.2 Geometrical and physical properties . . 5
2.3 Mechanical properties . . 6
3 What are foams used for? . . 6
3.1 Desirable functions . . 6
3.2 Mineral flotation . . 8
4 Solid foams and other cellular systems . . 9
4.1 Solid foams . . 9
4.2 Other cellular structures . . 11
5 Experiments . . 13
5.1 Three ways to make a foam . . 13
5.2 Chocolate mousse . . 14
References . . 15

2 Foams at equilibrium . . 17
1 Description at all length-scales . . 17
1.1 At the scale of a gas/liquid interface . . 17
1.2 At the scale of a film . . 19
1.3 At the scale of a bubble . . 21
1.4 At the scale of a foam . . 22
2 Local equilibrium laws . . 23
2.1 Equilibrium of fluid interfaces . . 23
2.2 Plateau's laws . . 26
3 Dry foams . . 30
3.1 Number of neighbours: topology . . 31
3.2 Bubble geometry . . 35
3.3 Topology and geometry  . 38
4 Wet foams . . 45
4.1 Modification of the structure . . 46
4.2 Osmotic pressure . . 51
4.3 Role of gravity . . 54
5 2D and quasi-2D foams . . 55
5.1 3D structure of a monolayer of bubbles between two plates . . 57
5.2 A model for a dry 2D foam . . 58
5.3 Two-dimensional liquid fraction . . 60
5.4 2D foam flows . . 61
6 Experiments  . 63
6.1 Surface tension and surfactants . . 63
6.2 Creation and observation of 2D and quasi-2D foams . . 65
6.3 Giant soap films . . 66
6.4 Kelvin cell . . 68
7 Exercises . . 69
7.1 Interfacial area of a foam . . 69
7.2 Film tension and the Young-Laplace law . . 69
7.3 Plateau's laws in 2D . . 70
7.4 Euler's formula . . 71
7.5 Perimeter of a regular 2D bubble . . 71
7.6 Energy and pressure . . 72
References . . 72

3 Birth, life, and death . . 75
1 Foam evolution . . 75
1.1 The competition between different processes . . 75
1.2 Elementary topological processes . . 78
2 Birth of a foam . . 82
2.1 Foamability: introduction to the role of surfactants . . 82
2.2 Interfacial properties and foamability . . 82
2.3 Properties of liquid films and foamability . . 92
2.4 Summary of the microscopic origins of foamability . . 98
3 Coarsening . . 99
3.1 Growth rate of a bubble in a dry foam . . 99
3.2 Evolution of bubble distributions in a dry foam . . 104
3.3 Effects of different parameters . . 109
4 Drainage . . 113
4.1 What is drainage? . . 114
4.2 Free drainage . . 114
4.3 Forced drainage . . 115
4.4 Modelling flows in solid porous media . . 116
4.5 Modelling the permeability of a liquid foam . . 119
4.6 Drainage equations . . 127
4.7 Comparison of theoretical predictions with experiments . . 128
4.8 Summary and remarks . . 133
5 Rupture and coalescence . . 134
5.1 Rupture at the scale of a single film . . 134
5.2 Rupture at the scale of a foam . . 140
5.3 Defoamers and antifoams . . 140
6 Appendices . . 145
6.1 Stabilizing agents . . 145
6.2 Dissipation due to surfactant motion during the steady expansion of a film . . 151
7 Experiments . . 154
7.1 Flow in a soap film . . 154
7.2 Free drainage in a foam and the vertical motion of bubbles . . 156
7.3 Forced drainage in a foam: observation of the wetting front . . 157
7.4 Life and death of a foam measured by electrical conductivity . . 158
8 Exercises . . 161
8.1 Exponent in the scale-invariant regime . . 161
8.2 Frumkin equation of state . . 161
8.3 Foam drainage and equilibrium height . . 161
8.4 Drainage in the bulk and at the wall . . 162
8.5 Free drainage: characteristic times and liquid fraction profiles . . 162
8.6 The true 3D pressure and 2D surface pressure . . 162
References . . 162

4 Rheology . . 167
1 Introduction . . 167
2 Overview of the rheological behaviour of complex fluids . . 168
2.1 Constitutive laws . . 168
2.2 Shear tests . . 172
2.3 Small and large strains . . 173
2.4 Stress tensor in a complex fluid . . 174
3 Local origin of rheological properties . . 178
3.1 Elastic shear modulus of a dry monodisperse foam . . 178
3.2 The elastic limit of a dry foam . . 183
3.3 Dissipative processes . . 187
4 The multiscale character of foam rheology . . 193
4.1 Solid behaviour . . 194
4.2 Transition from solid to liquid behaviour . . 208
4.3 Foam flow . . 211
5 Appendix: Prom the discrete to the continuous . . 215
6 Experiments . . 217
6.1 Observation of T1s . . 217
6.2 Visualization of the yield stress . . 217
7 Exercises . . 218
7.1 The Young-Laplace law and the stress in a spherical bubble . . 218
7.2 Elasticity of a dry 2D foam . . 219
7.3 Poynting's law . . 219
7.4 Stress and strain in a square lattice . . 220
7.5 Elasticity and plasticity . . 220
7.6 Compressibility of a foam . . 221
References . . 221

5 Experimental and numerical methods . . 225
1 Experimental methods . . 225
1.1 Methods used to study interfaces and isolated films . . 225
1.2 Methods for studying foams . . 230
2 Numerical simulations . . 242
2.1 Predicting static structure . . 242
2.2 Predicting dynamics . . 244
3 Methods of image analysis . . 248
3.1 Image treatment . . 248
3.2 Image analysis . . 250
3.3 Image analysis, liquid fraction, and stress in 2D . . 254
Exercises . . 255
4.1 Measurement of the average liquid fraction of a foam . . 255
4.2 Pressure in the Potts model . . 255
References . . 256

Notation . . 259
Index . . 263

Chapter 1: Introduction . . 1
What is a microbe? . . 1
Why study microbial ecology? . . 1
How do we study microbes in nature? . . 10
The three kingdoms of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya . . 12
Functional groups of microbes . . 15
Sources of background information . . 16

Chapter 2: Elements, biochemical;, and structures of microbes . . 19
Elemental composition of microbes . . 19
Elemental ratios in biogeochemical studies . . 21
C.N and C:P ratios for various microbes . . 22
Biochemical composition of bacteria . . 23
Explaining elemental ratios . . 25
Architecture of a microbial cell . . 26
Components of microbial cells as biomarkers . . 29
Extracellular structures . . 31

Chapter 3: Physical-chemical environment of microbes . . 35
Water . . 35
Temperature . . 36
pH . . 39
Salt and osmotic balance . . 40
Oxygen and redox potential . . 41
Light . . 42
Pressure . . 43
The consequences of being small . . 44
Microbial life in natural aquatic habitats . . 46
Microbial life in soils . . 49
The biofilm environment . . 51

Chapter 4: Microbial primary production and phototrophy . . 55
Basics of primary production and photosynthesis . . 55
Primary production, gross production, and net production . . 61
Primary production by terrestrial higher plants and aquatic microbes . . 63
The spring bloom and controls of phytoplankton growth . . 64
Major groups of bloom-forming phytoplankton . . 66
After the bloom: picoplankton and nanoplankton . .71
Primary production by coccoid cyanobacteria . . 73
Photoheterotrophy in the oceans . . 74

Chapter 5: Degradation of organic material . . 79
Mineralization of organic material in various ecosystems . . 80
Who does most of the respiration on the planet? . . 81
Chemical characterization of detrital organic material . . 84
Detrital food webs . . 86
DOM and the microbial loop . . 88
Hydrolysis of high molecular weight organic compounds . . 91
Uptake of low molecular weight organic compounds: turnover versus reservoir size . . 93
Chemical composition and organic material degradation . . 94
Release of inorganic nutrients and its control . . 96
Photo-oxidation of organic material . . 96
Refractory organic matter . . 97

Chapter 6: Microbial growth, biomass production, and controls . . 99
Are bacteria alive or dead? . . 99
Microbial growth and biomass production . . 102
Measuring growth and biomass production in nature . . 104
Bacterial biomass production in aquatic environments . . 105
Growth rates of bacteria and fungi in soils . . 108
What sets biomass production and growth by microbes in nature? . . 109
Competition and chemical communication between organisms . . 115

Chapter 7: Predation and protists . . 117
Bacterivory and herbivory in aquatic habitats . . 118
Grazers of bacteria and fungi in soils and sediments . . 120
Grazing mechanism for protists . . 121
Factors affecting grazing . . 122
Defenses against grazing . . 128
Effect of grazing on prey growth . . 129
Grazing by ciliates and dinoflagellates . . 129
Fluxes from microbial food webs to higher trophic levels . . 132
Mixotrophic protists and endosymbiosis . . 133

Chapter 8: Ecology of viruses . . 137
What are viruses? . . 137
Viral replication . . 138
Temperate viruses in nature . . 139
Contact between host and virus at the molecular scale . . 140
The number of viruses in natural environments . . 141
Mortality of bacteria due to viruses . . 146
Contribution of viruses versus grazers to bacterial mortality . . 147
Viral production and turnover . . 148
Viral decay and loss . . 148
Viruses of phytoplankton . . 149
Viruses are not grazers . . 150
Genetic exchange mediated by viruses . . 152

Chapter 9: Community structure of microbes in natural environments . . 157
Taxonomy and phylogeny via genes . . 157
The species problem . . 159
Diversity of bacterial communities . . 160
The paradox of the plankton . . 162
Differences between cultivated and uncultivated microbes . . 163
Types of bacteria in soils, freshwaters, and the oceans . . 164
Archaea in non-extreme environment . . 166
Everything, everywhere? . . 167
What controls diversity levels and bacterial community structure? . . 168
Problems with 165 rRNA as a taxonomic and phyiogenetic tool . . 171
Community structure of protists and other eukaryotic microbes . . 173
Relevance of community structure to understanding processes . . 175

Chapter 10: Genomes and metagenomes of microbes and viruses . . 177
What are genomics and environmental genomics? . . 177
Turning genomic sequences into genomic information . . 178
Lessons from cultivated microbes . . 179
Genomes from uncultivated microbes: metagenomics . . 185
Metagenomics of a simple community in acid mine drainage . . 188
Useful compounds from metagenomics and activity screening . . 188
Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics . . 189
Metagenomics of viruses .. 191

Chapter 11: Processes in anoxic environments . . 195
Introduction to anaerobic respiration . . 195
The order of electron acceptors . . 197
Oxidation of organic carbon by various electron acceptors . . 199
The anaerobic food chain . . 201
Sulfate reduction . . 204
Sulfur oxidation and the rest of the sulfur cycle . . 207
Methane and methanogenesis . . 210
Methanotrophy . . 212
Anaerobic eukaryotes . . 214

Chapter 12: The nitrogen cycle . . 217
Nitrogen fixation . . 218
Ammonium assimilation, regeneration, and fluxes . . 221
Ammonia oxidation, nitrate production, and nitrification . . 224
Nitrite oxidation and the second step in nitrification . . 229
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation . . 229
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification . . 230
Denitrification versus anaerobic ammonium oxidation . . 232'
Sources and sinks of nitrous oxide . . 233
Balancing N loss and N2 fixation . . 234

Chapter 13: Introduction to geomicrobiology . . 237
Cell surface charge, metal sorption, and microbial attachment . . 237
Attachment of microbes to surfaces . . 241
Biomineralization by microbes . . 241
Manganese and iron-oxidizing bacteria . . 248
Weathering and mineral dissolution by microbes . . 251
Geomicrobiology of fossil fuels . . 253

Chapter 14: Symbiosis and microbes . . 257
Microbial residents of vertebrates . . 259
Microbial symbioses with insects . . 261
Symbiotic microbes in marine invertebrates . . 265
Microbe-plant symbioses . . 271
Concluding remarks . . 275

References . . 277
Index . . 303