Oxford University Press

1. In Defence of Scientism . . 1
2. Scientific Realism, Constructive Empiricism, and Structuralism . . 66
3. Ontic Structural Realism and the Philosophy of Physics . . 130
4. Rainforest Realism and the Unity of Science . . 190
5. Causation in a Structural World . . 258
6. Conclusion—Philosophy Enough . . 298

References . . 311
Index . . 339

Introduction . . vii
Note on the Text . . xxv
Select Bibliography . . xxvi
A Chronology ofH. W. Fowler . . xxviii

A DICTIONARY OF MODERN ENGLISH USAGE

Appendix: Fowler's Pronunciation Preferences . . 743
Notes on the Entries . . 745

Preface and Acknowledgments . . ix
Contributors . . xiii  

Chapter 1. Introduction: The WIPO Development Agenda and Its Development Policy Context . . 1

I. THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA AND THE INTERNATIONAL IP TREATY REGIME
Chapter 2. The Development Agenda at WIPO: Context and Origins . . 33
Chapter 3. TRIPS 3.0: Policy Calibration and Innovation Displacement . . 51

II. THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA IN HISTORICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT
Chapter 4. The WIPO Development Agenda in an Historical and Political Context . . 79
Chapter 5. The Politics of Intellectual Property Reform in Developing Countries: The Relevance of the World Intellectual Property Organization . . 111

III. THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA: CAUTIONARY NOTES FROM TWO DIRECTIONS
Chapter 6. History Lessons for the WIPO Development Agenda . . 137
Chapter 7. The WIPO Development Agenda: A Cautionary Note . . 163

IV. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Chapter 8. What Direction Is the Wind Blowing? Protection of DRM in China . . 177
Chapter 9. Are National Patent Laws the Blossoming Rains? Evidence from Domestic Innovation, Technology Transfers, and International Trade Post Patent Implementations in the Period 1978-2002 . . 191
Chapter 10. Historical Perspectives on Patent Systems in Economic Development . . 215

V. ACCESS TO MEDICINE
Chapter 11. Expanding Patent Rights in Pharmaceuticals: The Linkage between Patents and Drug Registration . . 247
Chapter 12. Is Product Patent Protection Necessary to Spur Innovation in Developing Countries? R&D by Indian Pharmaceutical Companies After TRIPS . . 265
Chapter 13. IPRs and Technological Development in Pharmaceuticals: Who Is Patenting What in Brazil After TRIPS? . . 293

VI. CULTURAL INDUSTRIES
Chapter 14. The Production of Knowledge, Innovation, and IP in Developing Countries: Creative Industries and the Development Agenda . . 321
Chapter 15. Arab Musiconomics, Culture, Copyright, and the Commons . . 341
Chapter 16. Trading Copyright: Global Pressure on Local Culture . . 363

VII. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, INNOVATION, AND ACCESS
Chapter 17. Antitrust, Patents, and Developing Nations . . 401
Chapter 18. Innovation, Competition Policies, and Intellectual Property: An Evolutionary Perspective and Its Policy Implications . . 429

VIII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DEVELOP!NC-COUNTRY CITIZENS' FREEDOM
Chapter 19. Intellectual Property and Development as Freedom . . 453
Chapter 20. Contours of an International Instrument on Limitations and Exceptions . . 473

Index . . 499

Tables of Cases . . xvii
Tables of Legislation . . xxi
Abbreviations . . xxv
Special Features . . xxvii
Introduction . . xxix

1. Covert Investigation in Context . . 1
2. Directed Surveillance . . 29
3. Intrusive Surveillance . . 49
4. Interference with Property or Wireless Telegraphy and Entry onto Land . . 69
5. Covert Investigation and Computers . . 85
6. Examining Mobile Phones . . 99
7. Communications Data . . 107
8. Interception of Communications . . 119
9. Covert Human Intelligence Sources . . 137
10. Covert Investigation Abroad . . 163
11. Risk Management . . 179
12. Managing Covert Investigation . . 195

APPENDICES . . 215
Index . . 369

List of Contributors . . XXV
1 The minimum evolution distance-based approach to phylogenetic inference . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . 1
1.2 Tree metrics . . 3
1.3 Edge and tree length estimation . . 11
1.4 The agglomerative approach . . 17
1.5 Iterative topology searching and tree building . . 20
1.6 Statistical consistency . . 25
1.7 Discussion . . 28
Acknowledgements . . 29
2 Likelihood calculation in molecular phylogenetics . . 33
2.1 Introduction . . 33
2.2 Markov models of sequence evolution . . 35
2.3 Likelihood calculation: the basic algorithm . . 40
2.4 Likelihood calculation: improved models . . 42
2.5 Optimizing parameters . . 46
2.6 Consistency of the likelihood approach . . 49
2.7 Likelihood ratio tests . . 55
2.8 Concluding remarks . . 58
Acknowledgements . . 58
3 Bayesian inference in molecular phylogenetics . . 63
3.1 The likelihood function and maximum likelihood estimates . . 63
3.2 The Bayesian paradigm . . 66
3.3 Prior . . 67
3.4 Markov chain Monte Carlo . . 69
3.5 Simple moves and their proposal ratios . . 74
3.6 Monitoring Markov chains and processing output . . 78
3.7 Applications to molecular phylogenetics . . 81
3.8 Conclusions and perspectives . . 85
Acknowledgements . . 86
4 Statistical approach to tests involving phytogenies . . 91
4.1 The statistical approach to phylogenetic inference . . 91
4.2 Hypotheses testing . . 92
4.3 Different types of tests involving phylogenies . . 106
4.4 Non-parametric multivariate hypothesis testing . . 111
4.5 Conclusions: there are many open problems . . 115
Acknowledgements . . 115
5 Mixture models in phylogenetic inference . . 121
5.1 Introduction: models of gene-sequence evolution . . 121
5.2 Mixture models . . 122
5.3 Defining mixture models . . 123
5.4 Digression: Bayesian phylogenetic inference . . 125
5.5 A mixture model combining rate and pattern-heterogeneity . . 127
5.6 Application of the mixture model to inferring the phylogeny of the mammals . . 129
5.7 Results . . 131
5.8 Discussion . . 138
Acknowledgements . . 139
6 Hadamard conjugation: an analytic tool for phylogenetics . . 143
6.1 Introduction . .143
6.2 Hadamard conjugation for two sequences . .144
6.3 Some symmetric models of nucleotide substitution . . 147
6.4 Hadamard conjugation—Neyman model . . 151
6.5 Applications: using the Neyman model . . 162
6.6 Kimura's 3-substitution types model . . 171
6.7 Other applications and perspectives . . 174
7 Phylogenetic networks . . 178
7.1 Introduction . . 178
7.2 Median networks . . 180
7.3 Visual complexity of median networks . . 184
7.4 Consensus networks . . 186
7.5 Treelikeness . . 188
7.6 Deriving phylogenetic networks from distances . . 191
7.7 Neighbour-net . . 195
7.8 Discussion . . 199
Acknowledgements . . 200
8 Reconstructing the duplication history of tandemly repeated sequences . . 205
8.1 Introduction . . 205
8.2 Repeated sequences and duplication model . . 206
8.3 Mathematical model and properties . . 212
8.4 Inferring duplication trees from sequence data . . 221
8.5 Simulation comparison and prospects . . 229
Acknowledgements . . 231
9 Conserved segment statistics and rearrangement
9.1 Introduction . . 236
9.2 Genetic (recombinational) distance . . 237
9.3 Gene counts . . 238
9.4 The inference problem . . 239
9.5 What can we infer from conserved segments? . . 240
9.6 Rearrangement algorithms . . 243
9.7 Loss of signal . . 244
9.8 From gene order to genomic sequence . . 245
9.9 Between the blocks . . 252
9.10 Conclusions . . 256
Acknowledgements . . 257
10 The inversion distance problem . . 262
10.1 Introduction and biological background . . 262
10.2 Definitions and examples . . 264
10.3 Anatomy of a signed permutation . . 266
10.4 The Hannenhalli-Pevzner duality theorem . . 277
10.5 Algorithms . . 282
10.6 Conclusion . . 287
Glossary . . 287
11 Genome rearrangements with gene families . . 291
11.1 Introduction . . 291
11.2 The formal representation of the genome . . 293
11.3 Genome rearrangement . . 294
11.4 Multigene families . . 298
11.5 Algorithms and models . . 299
11.6 Genome duplication . . 303
11.7 Duplication of chromosomal segments . . 309
11.8 Conclusion . . 313
12 Reconstructing phylogenies from gene-content and gene-order data . . 321
12.1 Introduction: phylogenies and phylogenetic data . . 321
12.2 Computing with gene-order data . . 330
12.3 Reconstruction from gene-order data . . 337
12.4 Experimentation in phylogeny . . 342
12.5 Conclusion and open problems . . 345
Acknowledgements . . 346
13 Distance-based genome rearrangement phylogeny . . 353
13.1 Introduction . . 353
13.2 Whole genomes and events that change gene orders . . 354
13.3 Distance-based phytogeny reconstruction . . 356
13.4 Empirically Derived Estimator . . 359
13.5 IEBP: "Inverting the expected breakpoint distance" . . 363
13.6 Simulation studies . . 372
13.7 Summary . . 378
Acknowledgements . . 380
14 How much can evolved characters tell us about the tree that generated them? . . 384
14.1 Introduction . . 384
14.2 Preliminaries . . 386
14.3 Information-theoretic bounds: ancestral states and deep divergences . . 388
14.4 Phase transitions in ancestral state and tree reconstruction . . 396
14.5 Processes on an unbounded state space: the random cluster model . . 401
14.6 Large but finite state spaces . . 405
14.7 Concluding comments . . 408
Acknowledgements . . 409
Index . . 413

Acknowledgements . . ix
List of Illustrations . . xv

Introduction . . 1
1 Christ: The True Icon . . 13
2 The Cross . . 45
3 The Heart . . 81
4 The Lion . . 113
5 Mona Lisa . . 141
6 Che . . 167
7 Napalmed and Naked . . 197
8 Stars and Stripes . . 225
9 COKE: The Bottle . . 253
10 DNA . . 279
11 E=mc2 . . 307
12 Fuzzy Formulas . . 339

Picture Acknowledgements . . 355
Index . . 359

Foreword . . v
List of Contributors . . xxiii

Editors' Introduction . . 1
1. Making Sense of Art, Making Art of Sense . . 9
2. The Science and Art of the Sixth Sense . . 19
3. The Art of Touch in Early Modern Italy . . 59
4. The Multisensory Perception of Touch . . 85
5. Aesthetic Touch . . 107
6. Rendering the Sensory World Semantic . . 115
7. Sculpture and Touch . . 133
8. Touch and the Cinematic Experience . . 149
9. Hearing Scents, Tasting Sights: Toward a Cross-Cultural Multimodal Theory of Aesthetics . . 161
10. The Science of Taste and Smell . . 183
11. 'Sound Bites': Auditory Contributions to the Perception and Consumption of Food and Drink . . 207
12. Thinking Multisensory Culture . . 239
13. Sighting Sound: Listening with Eyes Open . . 251
14. The Sight and Sound of Music: Audiovisual Interactions in Science and the Arts . . 265
15. Improvisation in Time: The Art of Jazz . . 293
16. Musical Tension . . 311
17. Cause and Affect: A Functional Perspective on Music and Emotion . . 329
18. The Mystery of Representation: A Conversation with Vik Muniz . . 351
19. Pictorial Cues in Art and in Visual Perception . . 359
20. The Many Dimensions of the Third One . . 395
21. Film, Narrative, and Cognitive Neuroscience . . 435
22. Mirror Neurons and Art . . 455
23. Pictorial Art Beyond Sight: Revealing the Mind of a Blind Painter . . 465
24. Visual Music in Arts and Minds: Explorations with Synaesthesia . . 481
25. Visual Music and Musical Paintings: The Quest for Synaesthesia in the Arts . . 495
26. Dance, Choreography, and the Brain . . 513
27. Neuroaesthetics of Performing Arts . . 529
28. Multisensory Aesthetics in Product Design . . 543
29. Architecture and the Body . . 571
30. Architecture and the Existential Sense: Space, Body, and the Senses . . 579
31. Multimodal, Interactive Media and the Illusion of Reality . . 599

Index . . 619

Acknowledgments . . vii
List of Illustrations . . viii

Prologue . . 1
Chapter One: Passionate Spectators . . 9
Chapter Two: Under the Leaves . . 39
Chapter Three: Open-plan Living . . 62
Chapter Four: Reluctant Domestication . . 76
Chapter Five: Privacy, Intimacy, and The Selves . . 92
Chapter Six: Personal Power and Social Control . . 109
Chapter Seven: Passionate Exhibitors . . 148
Chapter Eight: What Will the Servants Say? . . 164
Chapter Nine: Virtual Eaves . . 189
Chapter Ten: Intimacy by Theft . . 204

Notes . . 221
References . . 234
Index . . 257

Acknowledgements . . viii
List of Illustrations . . xiii

Prologue . . xix
1. Introduction . . 1
2. Looking at the Self . . 33
3. The Look of Religion . . 81
4. Nationhood . . 125
5. Looking at Others . . 177
6. Clothes and Consumers . . 211
7. Bourgeois Taste and Emotional Styles . . 231
Epilogue: An Old Regime of Dress? . . 259

Notes . . 286
Select Bibliography . . 317
Index . . 347

Spis treści