Unimodal and multimodal biometric data indexing

Preface . . i
Contents . . iii
List of Figures . . ix
List of Tables . . xix

1 Fundamentals of Biometric Technology . . 1
1.1 Biometric Authentication Technology . . 1
1.2 Some Major Biometric Applications . . 2
1.3 Operational Process of Biometric Technology . . 4
1.4 Biometric Data Indexing . . 7
1.5 Metrics for Performance Measure . . 7
1.6 Biometric Modalities . . 8
1.7 Comparative Study of Different Biometric Modalities . . 13
1.8 Summary . . 21

2 Multimodal Biometric and Fusion Technology . . 33
2.1 Multirnodal Biometric Authentication Technology . . 33
2.2 Fusion of Multimodalities . . 34
2.3 Fusion Levels . . 36
2.4 Different Fusion Rules . . 42
2.5 Comparative Study of Fusion Rule . . 62
2.6 Summary . . 68

3 Biometric Indexing: State-of-the-Art . . 79
3.1 Survey on Iris Biometric Data Indexing . . 79
3.2 Survey on Fingerprint Biometric Data Indexing . . 83
3.3 Survey on Face Biometric Data Indexing . . 94
3.4 Survey on Multimodal Biometric Data Indexing . . 95
3.5 Summary . . 97

4 Iris Biometric Data Indexing . . 111
4.1 Preliminaries of Gabor Filter . . 112
4.2 Preprocessing . . 115
4.3 Feature Extraction . . 117
4.4 Index Key Generation . . 118
4.5 Storing . . 119
4.6 Retrieving . . 124
4.7 Performance Evaluation . . 127
4.8 Comparison with Existing Work . . 141
4.9 Summary . . 143

5 Fingerprint Biometric Data Indexing . . 149
5.1 Preprocessing . . 150
5.2 Feature Extraction . . 157
5.3 Index Key Generation . . 160
5.4 Storing . . 163
5.5 Retrieving . . 173
5.6 Performance Evaluation . . 177
5.7 Comparison with Existing Work . . 195
5.8 Summary . . 199

6 Face Biometric Data Indexing . . 205
6.1 Preprocessing . . 206
6.2 Feature Extraction . . 210
6.3 Index Key Generation . . 218
6.4 Storing . . 220
6.5 Retrieving . . 225
6.6 Performance Evaluation . . 232
6.7 Comparison with Existing Work . . 251
6.8 Summary . . 252

7 Multimodal Biometric Data Indexing . . 257
7.1 Feature Extraction . . 259
7.2 Score Calculation . . 261
7.3 Reference Subject Selection . . 262
7.4 Reference Score Calculation . . 266
7.5 Score Level Fusion . . 267
7.8 Retrieving . . 275
7.9 Rank Level Fusion . . 278
7.10 Performance Evaluation . . 282
7.11 Comparison with Existing Work . . 296
7.12 Summary . . 298

8 Conclusions and Future Research . . 305
8.1 Dimensionality of Index Key Vector . . 305
8.2 Storing and Retrieving . . 308
8.3 Performance of Indexing Techniques . . 310
8.4 Threats to Validity . . 312
8.5 Future Scope of Work . . 315

Index . . 323