Foreword . . V
Introduction . . 1
1. Sramanas and Brahmanas: Some aspects of the relation between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains . . 5
2. On common ('pan-Indian') divinities within Buddhism . . 19
3. Docetism in Mahayana Sutras . . 31
4. Karttikeya-Manjusri in the Manjusrimulakalpa . . 35
5. The worldly/mundane (laukika), and the matter of the popular and lay . . 37
6. The common Indian Ground or Substratum and the opposition worldly/mundane (laukika) : supramundane/transmundane (lokottard) . . 41
7. Symbiosis, confrontation, the subordination of the laukika through subjugation, and the issue of 'Buddhism vs. Hinduism': evidence from some Yogatantras . . 45
8. Further remarks on the structured laukika : lokottara opposition . . 57
9. The place and function of the mundane clan (laukikakuld) in Kriyatantra . . 63
10. The laukika : lokottara contrast in Mahayana Sutras and Sastras . . 69
11. An iconic depiction of the victory of Sakyamuni Buddha over a heterodox teacher mentioned in a Tibtan source . . 75
12. Subordination of the laukika level by peripheralization within a concentric mandala structure . . 77
13. Ritual, geographical, iconological and architectural collocation (juxtaposition), hierarchic stratification, and centrality as against peripheralization . . 79
14. Further issues in the laukika : lokottara contrastive opposition . . 83
15. Continuity, the substratum model in relation to the borrowing model, and the laukika : lokottara opposition as an 'emic' classification . . 87
16. Some 'etic' categories previously invoked by scholars . . 95
17. Paul Hacker's concept of 'inclusivism' . . 97
18. Harihariharivahanodbhava-Lokesvara: An example of Hacker's 'inclusivism'? . . 101
19. Borrowing and substratum models for religious syncretism and/or symbiosis . . 105
20. Vaisnava and Saiva elements in the Kalacakra . . 115
21. Kalkin in the Kalacakra . . 121
22. On syncretism in the borderlands of Northwestern India and the western Himalaya . . 127
23. The laukika : lokottara opposition in relation to the oppositions sacred : profane and spiritual: temporal . . 131
24. 'Emic' expressions relevant to the substratum model . . 135
25. Concluding remarks . . 143

Appendix I: Hinduistic elements in Tibetan Buddhist and Bon po sources, and the terms 'Buddhistic', 'Hinduistic', and 'Indic' . . 163
Appendix II: The noetic and the conventional . . 183

Indices
Names . . 189
Subjects . . 191
Selected book titles . . 194
Sanskrit key words . . 194
Pali key words . . 196
Tibetan key words . . 196
Japanese terms . . 197