Fakultätsbibliothek für Chemie

Preface . . vii

Chapter 1 Reactivity of Porphyrin Radical Cations and Dications towards Nucleophiles: An Easy and Original Electrochemical Method for the Synthesis of Substituted, Oligomeric and Polymeric Porphyrin Systems . . 1
Chapter 2 Making Porphyrins to Feel Like at Home . . 45
Chapter 3 Synthetic Strategies to Chlorins and Bacteriochlorins . . 89
Chapter 4 Recent Achievements for Chemical Sensing, Tumor Marker Detection and Cancer Therapy with Porphyrin Derivatives . . 161
Chapter 5 Use of the Porphyrin Autofluorescence for Cancer Diagnosis . . 195
Chapter 6 Porphyrins: Chemistry, Properties and Applications . . 229
Chapter 7 Applications of Porphyrins for Neoangiogenic Disorders . . 261
Chapter 8 Molecular Encapsulation of Structurally Different Quinones by Porphyrin-Resorcin [4] Arene Conjugates . . 287
Chapter 9 Porphyrin Solid Films: Growing Processes, Physical Features, and Optical Properties . . 311
Chapter 10 Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen by Cobalt Porphyrins for Fuel Cell Applications . . 335
Chapter 11 Cycloaddition Reactions as the Key Step in the Synthesis of Covalently Linked Porphyrin-Fullerene Supramolecular Systems . . 359
Chapter 12 Phosphorus (V) Porphyrin: Its Potential Application for Photomedicine . . 393
Chapter 13 Construction and Supramolecular Chemistry of Porphyrin Nanorings . . 409
Chapter 14 Porphyrins: Properties and Applications . . 429

Index . . 439

Preface . . vii

Chapter 1 The Role of Selenium in Mitigating Mercury Toxicity . . 1
Chapter 2 Fish as a Dietary Source of Mercury and Methylmercury, Risks and Benefits . . 35
Chapter 3 Inexpensive Low-Cost Mercury Speciation by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Ion Exchange Separation in a Fia System (Fia-Ie-Hg-Aas) . . 61
Chapter 4 Cathepsin-Dependent Neuronal Death Pathways Induced by Methylmercury . . 81
Chapter 5 Not Only Concentrations Matter: Some Practical Considerations of In Vitro MeHg Toxicity Studies . . 97
Chapter 6 Methylmercury and Total Mercury Contamination in an Aquatic Ecosystem of Hg-Mining River in Guizhou, China . . 109
Chapter 7 Mercury Methylation Versus Demethylation: Main Processes Involved . . 123
Chapter 8 MeHg-Exposure through Seafood Consumption: Cholinergic Muscarinic Receptor as a Target of Toxicity and Potential Biomarker of CNS Effects . . 167

Index . . 191

Preface . . xi

1. Phosphors and Luminescence . . 1
1.1 Luminescence Classification . . 1
1.2 Luminescence Terminology . . 5
1.3 Luminescent Materials . . 11
1.4 Rare Earth Activation . . 15

2. Synthesis of Phoshors . . 25
2.1 General Requirements of Phosphors . . 25
2.2 Solid State Methods . . 27
2.3 Wet-Chemical Methods . . 35

3. Phoshor Characterization . . 55
3.1 Morphology Analysis with Scanning Electron Microscopy . . 55
3.2 Cathodoluminescence Characterization . . 60
3.3 Microanalysis . . 66
3.4 Particle Size Analysis . . 72
3.5 X-Ray Diffraction Measurements . . 76
3.6 Spectroscopic Methods in Structural, Morphology and Luminescence Characterization . . 81
3.7 Computational Materials Science . . 104

4. Phosphors for Different Applications . . 115
4.1 Europium and Terbium Activated CaW04 . . 115
4.2 RE3+ Activated Y(Ta,Nb)04-Based Phosphors . . 143
4.3 Phosphors Based on Europium Doped Oxides and Oxysulfides . . 270
4.4 Yttrium and Terbium Aluminate Phosphors Co-activated by Eu3+ . . 294
4.5 Thiogallate Luminescent Materials . . 315
4.6 Multiexcited Phosphors for LED Application . . 361
4.7 Other Luminescent Materials . . 386

References . . 407
Appendix I: The Luminescence Literature . . 437
Appendix II: List of Main Abbreviations . . 441
Index . . 443

1 Introduction to Many-Body Physics in Utracold Atomic Gases . . 1
1.1 Motivation: Many-Body Physics . . 1
1.2 Motivation: General Atomic Physics . . 4
1.3 History and Introduction to Many-Body Physics in Cold Atomic Systems . . 5
1.4 Challenges and Outline of Thesis . . 7
References . . 9

2 Theoretical and Experimental Techniques Used to Explore Many-Body Physics in Cold Atoms, Especially Optical Lattices . . 11
2.1 Experimental Techniques . . 11
2.2 Theoretical Techniques . . 18
References . . 31

3 Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy: Broad Introduction . . 33
3.1 Motivation and Background . . 33
3.2 Two Differing Pictures of RF Spectroscopy . . 34
References . . 35

4 RF Spectra: A Sum Rule Approach to Trapped Bosons in an Optical Lattice . . 37
4.1 Chapter Overview . . 37
4.2 Introduction . . 37
4.3 Spectrum of Harmonically Trapped Gas . . 39
4.4 Refinements . . 46
4.5 Summary . . 49
References . . 50

5 RF Spectra: Multiple Peaked Spectrum in a Homogeneous System . . 51
5.1 Chapter Overview . . 51
5.2 Introduction . . 52
5.3 Bose-Hubbard Model . . 54
5.4 Random Phase Approximation . . 55
5.5 Conclusions and Discussion . . 61
References . . 62

6 Radio-Frequency Spectra at Finite Temperature, Fluctuation-Response Relations, and Proposed Applications . . 63
6.1 Chapter Overview . . 63
6.2 Introduction . . 63
6.3 RF Spectra Introduction . . 64
6.4 Finite Temperature Superfluid . . 65
6.5 Applications . . 67
6.6 Determining Density Profiles from RF Spectra . . 75
6.7 Conclusions . . 83
References . . 84

7 RF Spectra: Summary, Conclusions, and the Future . . 85
References . . 86

8 Rotation, Inducing Gauge Fields, and Exotic States of Matter in Cold Atoms . . 87
8.1 Physics of Rotating Particles/Particles in Gauge Fields . . 88
8.2 Rotation . . 92
8.3 Other Methods of Inducing Gauge Fields . . 93
8.4 On-Site Correlations . . 94
References . . 94

9 Stirring up Fractional Quantum Hall Puddles . . 97
9.1 Chapter Overview . . 97
9.2 Introduction . . 97
9.3 Summary . . 103
References . . 104

10 Incorporating Arbitrarily Strong On-Site Correlations into Lattice Models . . 105
10.1 Chapter Overview . . 106
10.2 Body . . 106
References . . 113

11 Quantitative Calculation of Parameters for a Model Sufficiently General to Capture all On-Site Correlations . . 115
11.1 Background . . 115
11.2 Introduction, Notation, and Set Up . . 115
11.3 Quantitative Estimates of the Hamiltonian Parameters with Quantum Monte Carlo . . 116
11.4 Solutions for Various Values of t(mn) and Em . . 118
11.5 Note on Temperature Dependence of Response Functions . . 129
Reference . . 129

12 Summary, Conclusions, and the Future of Induced Gauge Fields and Lattices with On-Site Correlations . . 131
References . . 131

13 Techniques to Measure Quantum Criticality in Cold Atoms . . 131
13.1 Introduction . . 133
13.2 Note and Summary . . 139
References . . 140

14 Quantum Criticality: More Detailed Information . . 143
14.1 Bose-Hubbard Model . . 143
14.2 Finite Temperature Gutzwiller Theory . . 144
14.3 Non-Universal Contributions . . 144
14.4 Time of Flight Expansion . . 145
14.5 Finite Density O(2) Model . . 146
14.6 Calculating Density Profiles of One-Dimensional Hardcore Bosons . . 147
14.7 Other Cold Atoms Systems Displaying Quantum Criticality . . 148
14.8 Precise Definition of Universality . . 148
14.9 Quantum Monte Carlo Parameters and Signal-to-Noise . . 150
14.10 Finite-Size Scaling . . 151
References . . 151

15 Systems Other than Cold Atoms . . 153

16 Film Mediated Interactions Alter Correlations and Spectral Shifts of Hydrogen Adsorbed on Helium Films . . 155
16.1 Chapter Overview . . 155
16.2 Results . . 156
References . . 162

17 Candidate Theories to Explain the Anomalous Spectroscopic Signttures of Atomic H in Molecular H2 Crystals . . 165
17.1 Introduction and Motivation . . 165
17.2 Experiments . . 166
17.3 Scenarios . . 168
17.4 Other Observations . . 175
17.5 Summary, Conclusions, and Consequences . . 176
References . . 177

18 Helium and Hydrogen (super?)Solids . . 179
18.1 Background . . 179
18.2 Chapter Overview . . 179
18.3 Introduction . . 180
18.4 Torsional Oscillator NCRI . . 181
18.5 Two Supersolid Features . . 181
18.6 Blocked Annulus Torsional Oscillators . . 182
18.7 Dissipation Peaks . . 182
18.8 H2 Experiments . . 183
18.9 Frequency Dependence . . 186
18.10 Thermodynamics: Specific Heat and Pressure . . 187
18.11 3He Doping . . 188
18.12 Anomalous Critical Velocity . . 191
18.13 DC Flow . . 191
18.14 Shear . . 191
18.15 Implications for Mechanism . . 192
18.16 Future Directions . . 192
18.17 Conclusions . . 193
References . . 193

Appendix A: Relating Scattering Amplitudes and T-Matrix . . 195
Appendix B: Ward Identities for the RF Spectrum for the Bose-Hubbard Model—Vertex Corrections, Symmetries, and Conservation Laws . . 197

Biographical Sketch . . 229
Curriculum Vitae . . 231

Preface . . vii
Chapter 1 Polynitromethyl-1,3,5-Triazines: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications . . 1
Chapter 2 Triazines: Synthesis, Applications and Toxicity . . 75
Chapter 3 Triazine Based Dendrimers. Their Applications as Drug Delivery Agents . . 107
Chapter 4 Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides in Soil/Surface Water Environment and Key Intermediary Metabolite, Cyanuric Acid: An Ecological Aspect . . 131
Chapter 5 Synthesis and Properties of Heat-resistant Polymers Containing Triaryl-s-triazine Moiety . . 145
Chapter 6 One-Pot Synthesis of Trans-α,β-Unsaturated Esters from Aldehydes by Addition of Lithium Ester Enolates and Using S-Triazines as New Dehydrating Agents . . 155
Chapter 7 Advances in Chemistry and Biological Activity of Fluorinated 1,3,5-triazines . . 163
Index . . 201

Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters . . 1
Photoinduced and Microbial Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Peroxides in Natural Waters . . 139
Photoinduced Generation of Hydroxyl Radical in Natural Waters . . 209
Photoinduced and Microbial Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters . . 273
Colored and Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters . . 365
Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters . . 429
Photosynthesis in Nature: A New Look . . 561
Chlophylls and their Degradation in Nature . . 687
Complexation of Dissolved Organic Matter with Trace Metal Ions in Natural Waters . . 769
Impacts of Global Warming on Biogeochemical Cycles in Natural Waters . . 851
Editors Biography . . 915