Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura

Table of Contents

HISTORIES OF SOCIAL CONTROL . . 7

I Rebelling Individuals . . 17
"THE CHILD WHO STRIKES HIS OWN FATHER OR MOTHER SHALL BE PUT TO DEATH
Assault and Verbal Abuse of Parents in Swedish and Finnish Counties 1745-1754 . . 19
NAMING PRACTISES AS A SOCIAL CONTROL
The Continuity and Change of Morals in Local Peasant Communities (c. 1850-1960) . . 43
THE CRIME AND PUNISHMENT OF A NINETEENTH-CENTURY FINNISH SERIAL KILLER . . 75

II Community and Discipline . . 85
TO REPORT OR NOT? TO PUNISH OR NOT?
Between Tightening Laws, Old Habits and Loyalty in Early Modern Bavaria . . 87
LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL EFFECTS OF FORBIDDEN SEXUALITY ON ENGAGEMENTS AND MARRIAGES IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY CENTRAL FINLAND . . 107
IMPROVING THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY
Agents and Objects of Control in Early Modern Church Visitations . . 127
AN ARROGANT ARRENDATOR AND CONFLICT IN CHURCH RENOVATIONS IN THE MID-EICHTEENTH-CENTURY PARISH OF KOKEMAKI . . 157

III On the Margins of the Society . . 183
WAR, SOLDIERS AND CRIME IN MODERN BRITAIN
Issues for Research . . 185
THE CONTROL OF VAGRANTS AND THE POOR IN FINLAND 1850-1885 . . 207
SHE "TOOK HIM TO TEMPLE LANE, SUBSEQUENTLY HE MISSED HIS MONEY"
Prostitutes and Thieves in Dundee 1865-1925 . . 225

IV The Ultimate Power over Life and Death 257
THE POPE'S SWORD
Early Modern Capital Punishment, Homicide and Cultures of Suffering - Rome in the European Context . . 259
EXECUTIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY
Messages, Interpretations, and Reactions . . 299

AMNESTY OR INDIVIDUAL PARDONS?
Presidential Pardon as a Measure to Control Those Punished as a Result of Disciplinary Proceedings in Finland in 1918 . . 323

ABSTRACT . . 351
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . . 353
INDEX . . 357

PREFACE . . 8

The Grand Duchy of Finland . . 10

BIRTH IN A POSITIVE MOOD . . 10
Short war and long peace at Porvoo in 1809 . . 12
Administrative institutions are established . . 14
Finland's financial system finds form in Porvoo . . 18
European finances under reform in the push of Enlightenment . . 20
Porvoo in a European intellectual context . . 24
Traditions from Sweden . . 25
Finland's first heads of finance and leading civil servants . . 29  
The machinery . . 32
The machinery at work . . 35
The budgeting and accounting system . . 38

NICHOLAS I STALLS THE REFORMS . . 40
Leading personnel and administrative structures . . 42
Financial system and taxation . . 46

ALEXANDER II OPENS WINDOWS TO REFORMS . . 40
Economic development and economic policies . . 51
Political leadership of finances . . 55
Monetary reforms . . 56
Budgetary reforms . . 58
Reforms in financial administration . . 65

POLITICAL REACTION AND ECONOMIC VITALITY . . 68
Political backlash . . 71
Liberal economic reforms continue . . 72
New winds in nominations . . 74
Minor reforms in budgeting and taxation . . 76
Finance and economic policies are separated into different departments . . 80

FINANCES IN STATE-BUILDING AND NATION-BUILDING . . 83

Independent Finland . . 89

EARLY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE 1917-1939 . . 89
Independence, suddenly . . 92
Principles of governance are defined . . 95
Economy recovers amid political crisis and international economic depressions . . 99
Brevity and turbulence in political leadership . . 103
Money and monetary policy dominates the economy and economic policies . . 106
Planning boards and committees . . 108
Incremental reforms in the financial management system . . 110
Structure and functions of the Ministry . . 114

NEW START DURING THE WAR . . 116
Centralization of power . . 118
Controlled war economy . . 122
Economic planning, a new task for the Ministry of Finance . . 124
More control to budgetary appropriations . . 128
Need for rationalization of administration . . 130
Structural reform of the Ministry . . 131

GROWING EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL MATTERS . . 133
Politics takes a left turn . . 136
Short-lived governments and political turmoil . . 138
Discontinuity in the political leadership of the Ministry . . 140
From rationing to regulation of the economy and towards ever deeper economic integration . . 141
Towards rational economic policies and planning . . 146
Post-war economic planning . . 148
Control of expenditure dominates budgetary policies and reforms . . 153
From rationalization towards administrative modernization . . 160
Slow reforms inside the Ministry of Finance . . 163
 Top management 163
 Personnel . . 165
A way towards a general coordinator of the government . . 166

General Coordinator of the Public Sector . . 168

Towards stable political leadership . . 171
Firm management team at the top . . 176
Growth-oriented economic policies . . 178
Birth of a new welfare state . . 181
Planning becomes the magic word . . 185
Reforming the financial management system . . 187
 Annual budgeting . . 188
 Medium-term planning . . 189
 ex ante finance control . . 190
From rationalization to steering of administrative modernization . . 191
 Personnel policies . . 194
Reforming the Ministry to support its growing responsibilities . . 195

From Management of Depression to National European Economic Policy Coordination . . 197
Continuity in governments in spite of changing political constellations . . 199
Minister of Finance becomes Number Two in the Government . . 200
From closed economy to open markets and market liberalization . . 205
The 1980s and new economic doctrines . . 206
Profound financial management reforms . . 213
 Reforms start from constitution and legislation... . . 214
 ...continue in annual budgeting and medium-term frame budgeting... . . 214
 ...adaptation of performance management... . . 217
 ...use of market mechanisms... . . 218
 ...and reforms in the system of local government financing . . 220
From traditional public administration to new public management . . 221
 Personnel policies . . 224
Internal structural turmoil in the Ministry of Finance . . 225

The Many Roles of the Ministry . . 229

Notes . . 234
Bibliography . . 240
Index . . 249
Appendix 1. Heads of the Departments . . 252
Appendix 2. Ministers of Finance . . 254
Illustrations . . 262

PREFACE . . 9
INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR . . 13
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA . . 15

THE SELKUP PEOPLE . . 19
Dialects of the Selkup Language . . 19
The Southern (Narym) Selkups . . 20
The Northern (Taz-Turukhan) Selkups . . 27

THE LITERATURE AND THE SOURCES OF SELKUP MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE . . 38
The History of Collection and Research . . 38
  The History of the Study of Southern Selkup Folklore . . 38
  The History of the Collection of Northern Selkup Folklore and Mythology . . 43
  The Foreign Publication of Selkup Folklore Material . . 48
The Genre Classification of Selkup Texts . . 50

THE TRADITIONAL WORLD-VIEW AND RELIGIOUS AND MYTHOLOGICAL NOTIONS . . 54
The Southern Selkups . . 54
  Cosmogonic Myths . . 54
  Myths about the Creation of the World . . 55
  Anthropogenic and Ethnogonic Myths . . 56
  The Structure of the Universe . . 58
  Notions of the Soul . . 62
  Shamanism . . 65
The Northern Selkups . . 68
  Myths about the Origin of the World . . 69
  Anthropogenic Myths . . 72
  Ethnogonic Myths . . 73
  Mythological Notions about Animals . . 74
  Myths about the Origin of Vegetation and Geographical Objects . . 77
  The Modern Attitude of the Selkups to the Traditional Beliefs . . 78

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SELKUP MYTHOLOGY A-Z . . 83

APPENDIX 1
Southern Selkup Texts . . 269
Northern Selkup Texts . . 272

APPENDIX 2
The Archive of L. A. Varkovitskaya . . 277

ABBREVIATIONS . . 281
REFERENCES . . 283
INDEX . . 293
Selkup-English Glossary and Index . . 293
English-Selkup Glossary and Index . . 306
Siberian Dialect and Other Russian Terms . . 320

Acknowledgements . . 7
Introduction: The Formation of the Finnish Type of Consumer Society between the East and the West, the!950s and 1960s . . 10

PART I. THE MAKING OF THE FRUGAL CONSUMER
The Finnish Consumer Mentality and Ethos: At the Intersection between East and West . . 42
A Country of Decent Consumers: The Role of Alcohol in Everyday Finnish Life in the 1950s . . 88
Imagining Economy. Finlandia Newsreels Building up shared Imagery in the 1950s and early 1960s . . 104
Anglo-American Pop Music, Finnish Tango, and the Controversial Images of Modernity in Finland in the 1960s . . 124

PART II. CONSUMPTION AS SPECTACLE: AGE OF THE TELEVISION, AFFLUENCE AND MEDIATISATION OF CONSUMER SOCIETY
Television Creating Finnish Consumer Mentality in the 1960s . . 154
The Legalizing of Roulette and Changes in Finnish Consumer Culture in the 1960s and 1970s . . 180
Accidental Traders - Finnish Tourists in the Soviet Union in THE 1950s-1970s . . 206
From Background to Foreground: Music Products for Production and Consumption Spaces. . 230

Afterword
Summerhouses and Saunas, Parks and Libraries - Places of Private and Public Consumption in Finland . . 254
List of conrributors . . 260

Acknowledgements . . 9
Abbreviations . . 13

I REPRESENTATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FINNO-UGRIANS

1. Societies in transition . . 17

2. Traditions in a globalised world . . 19
Are traditions dying? . . 19
Tradition as a concept of introspective Western sociology . . 21
Locality, globalisation and identity-formation . . 22
Co-existence of divergent traditions . . 24

3. Belonging and neo-traditionalism . . 27
Ethnic self-awareness . . 27
The state, intellectuals and the construction of heritage . . 29
Finno-Ugric ethnicities in the making . . 31

4. Interest in Finno-Ugric peoples . . 34
Language, myths and folklore as "evidence of history" . . 34
The expeditions of Finns and Hungarians to their linguistic relatives in Russia . . 36
The aims of the Russian Academy of Sciences . . 39
The basic model of ethnographic field work in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . . 40
Field work after the collapse of the Soviet Union . . 42
From moments to understanding . . 43
Between cultures: dialogues, monologues and silences . . 46

II THE KHANTY: PRESERVING AND PERFORMING RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS

5. The land of the white crane . . 51
Behind the Urals . . 51
Worlds flowing into each other . . 52
Experience of locality: rivers and settlements like layers of an onion . . 54
The cross-draught in interethnic relations . . 57
Division of space and practices of avoidance . . 60
Gender: together but apart . . 65

6. Dual organisation, totemic ancestors and kin groups . . 68
Moś- and Por-people . . 68
The animal protector . . 73
L'aksas, reincarnation of a person . . 75
The kinship system . . 76

7. Discussions about myths and tales . . 78
Myths written in the heavens . . 78
Myths of Uralic hunting cultures . . 85
Mythic corpus . . 88
Myths of individuals and small communities . . 91

8. Living with spirits . . 112
Religious worlds of the Northern Khanty . . 112
The cosmos . . 115
The hierarchy of spirits . . 117
Guardian spirits of home and family . . 123
Feeding the spirits at home . . 129
Why worship spirits? . . 132

9. Holy groves and common rituals . . 134
The landscape of the spirits . . 134
Men's and women's holy groves . . 140
Offerings in holy groves . . 144
Common rites, different meanings . . 152

10. Paths of souls, villages of the dead . . 153
Concepts of souls . . 154
Burial rituals . . 156
Remembrance rituals in graveyards . . 167
The passages of souls and continuation of family . . 174

11. The reawakening of shamanic rituals . . 176
Did the Khanty have shamans? . . 176
The concept of shamanism . . 177
Shamans in Khanty society . . 179
The shamanic seance . . 181
Shamans are performing publicly again . . 185
Different interpretations: belief and entertainment . . 191

12. Religion, kin and environment . . 193
Hallmarks of Khanty religion . . 193
Unity of religion, kin and nature . .195
Religion and belonging . . 196

III THE KOMI: PROLIFERATING SINGING TRADITIONS

13. The singing culture of the Upper Vychegda Komi . . 201
Studying Komi singing . . 201
Did the Komi have a singing culture? . . 203
The Upper Vychegda Komi . . 206
Hunting artels as folklore arenas . . 208
Gender relations and songs . . 211
The fusion of singing traditions . . 217

14. Folklore, cultural institutions and festivals . . 218
Folklore as verbal peasant art . . 218
Drama circles and the growth of poetry . . 220
Strengthening the village culture . . 221
The Upper Vychegda collectives . . 222
A life as a cultural director . . 227
Women leaders . . 230

15. "Singing for myself and for my soul" . . 231
At Anna Ivanovna's . . 231
Polyphonic singing . . 232
Transmitting traditions . . 234
Performing traditions . . 235
Dressing up for performance . . 236
Being together . . 238
From politics to women's culture . . 242

16. Folk-editing and variation in songs . . 247
Programmes of folklore groups . . 247
Textualisation and variation of songs . . 250
Old Komi folk texts . . 253
Macaronic and Russian songs . . 266
Songs translated into Komi . . 268
Songs to the words of Komi poets . . 274
Folk variants of the poems of known writers . . 276
Creating the programme . . 282

17. A state project leads to multiple forms of tradition . . 285

IV COMPARISONS AND OBSERVATIONS

18. An Udmurt case: from sacrificial rituals to national festivals . . 291
Holy groves and social order . . 293
Visible and hidden: the battle of ideologies and religions . . 297
From secret ritual into national festival . . 300
Female agency and marked diversities . . 303
The role of intellectuals and the media . . 307
Construction of tradition and cultural identity . . 309

19. Traditions symbolising cultural distinction . . 311
Myths and rituals as political practice . . 311
The revival of nature religion . . 314
Reconstructing sacred histories . . 317
Performing ethnicity in festivals . . 317
Political and economic implications of neo-traditionalism . . 319

20. Dynamics of tradition among the Khanty, Komi and Udmurts . . 320

Bibliography . . 323
Khanty words . . 341
Transliteration of Komi . . 349
Index . . 351
Maps . . 362

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . 7

INTRODUCTION: 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' IN A WORLD OF TENSIONS . . 9
'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' IN 1935 - On the Finnish and Swedish Rhetoric of Democracy . . 37
WHY 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY"? - The Scandinavian Value Nihilists and the Crisis of Democracy . . 83
SHARING VALUES AND SHAPING VALUES - Sweden, 'Nordic Democracy' and the American Crisis of Democracy . . 114
KEEPING UP THE MORALE - Constructions of 'Nordic Democracy' during World War II . . 141
REFORMISM AND 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' - A Journey in Danish Political Thought . . 165
SCANDINAVIANS, NORDIC CO-OPERATION, AND 'NORDIC DEMOCRACY' . . 179
VISITING NORDIC MODERNITY AROUND 1900 - Spanish Images . . 194
THE LANGUAGE OF DEMOCRACY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY REFORMIST THOUGHT . . 208
FROM AGRARIAN REPUBLICANISM TO THE POLITICS OF NEUTRALITY - Urho Kekkonen and "Nordic Democracy' in Finnish Cold-War Politics . . 238
PARLIAMENTARIAN DEMOCRACY GOING GLOBAL - The Fading Nordic Model . . 262

CONTRIBUTORS . . 290
INDEX . . 292

FOREWORD . . 7
INTRODUCTION - REVITAL1SATION OF THE FINNIC MINORITY LANGUAGES . . 8
THE PLANNING OF THE NEW STANDARD LANGUAGES . . 27
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIATION AND STANDARDISATION IN THE CREATION OF A NEW STANDARD LANGUAGE . . 54
MODERNISATION AND SMALL LANGUAGES - FATAL LANGUAGE SOCIOLOGICAL DELAY? . . 74
WILL LANGUAGE NESTS CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF LANGUAGE SHIFTS? ON THE LANGUAGE NESTS OF INARI SAAMIS AND KARELIANS . . 95
PERSPECTIVES ON THE ATTITUDES OF MINORITY LANGUAGE SPEAKERS IN THE SWEDISH TORNE VALLEY AND VIENA KARELIA . . 119
WHILE THE WINGS GROW - FINNIC MINORITIES WRITING THEIR EXISTENCE ONTO THE WORLD MAP . . 147
SUBSTANCE THROUGH YOUR OWN LANGUAGE - THE MINORITY MEDIA CONNECT, STRENGTHEN AND INFORM . . 178
CONTRIBUTORS . . 203
INDEX . . 204

Bibliotheca academica in Turku 1640-1828 . . 7
Aboa literata . . 9
The Academy librarians . . 15
Porthan - cultural hero in eighteenth-century Finland . . 17
The fire ot Turku in 1827 . . 19

The Library of the Imperial Alexander University 1828-1905 . . 23
Finnish national literature . . 25
Under His Majesty the Emperor's special protection . . 29
The restorer of the Library: F. W. Pipping . . 33
New library methods: Karl Collan . . 33
The philosopher: Wilhelm Bolin . . 36
The Temple of Science - the buildings in Helsinki . . 38
The Reading Room and the Rotunda . . 41

The Helsinki University Library 1905-1980 . . 44
A national research library . . 45
The Library in two World Wars . . 51
Rebuilding between East and West . . 55
Bibliotheca renovata: from the 1950s to the 1970s . . 60
In the mass university: the Open Access Collection . . 62

The National Library and the Finnish library network 1980-2010 . . 65
Services for the country's library network . . 69
Innovations: Linnea and FinELib . . 70
The National Digital Library . . 72
Recessionary pressures . . 74
Facing the twenty-first century . . 77
Content provider and memory organisation . . 79
New services and new collections . . 81
The cultural environment: exhibitions and campaigns . . 85
Future options . . 87
Balancing the books . . 88

A survey of the collections and their history . . 91
The Slavonic Library- the Russian cultural heritage in Finland . . 91
The Adolf Erik Nordenskiold Library . . 100
The Monrepos Library . . 102

The collections of the National Library of Finland . . 107
Appendix . . 116
Information and further reading . . at end of volume

Foreword . . 9
Introduction: The Anatomy of Perestroika . . 11

PART I: IN THE MAKING PERESTROIKA
Perestroika in Retrospective: Historical Consciousness and Responsibility . . 37
The Main Concepts and Actors of Perestroika . . 59
Perestroika and Changed Reporting of Social Problems in Newspapers . . 76
Elite and Perestroika before Perestroika in Hungary . . 97
Perestroika and the Reform Agenda for the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance - New Direction or Dead End? . . 120
Soviet Philosophy and Perestroika - Undoing the Community of Discourse? . . 146

PART II: PERESTROIKA AS A PROCESS
Making Social Discussions Possible: Perestroika and the Development of the Public Sphere . . 171
Soviet Women in the Second World War . . 191
The Politicization of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in the Soviet Union, 1987-1992 . . 205
The Club in Support of Glasnost and Perestroika in Bulgaria: A Swing-wing Phenomenon . . 222

PART III: AFTER PERESTROIKA
Ethnic Jokes in Russia - A Form of Everyday Racism? . . 247
Reading Perestroika-Era Tension into the Activity of the Pro-Putin Youth Movements . . 262
Russian Death of the Author: More or Less a Poet . . 284
Towards a Fast-Food Reality: The 1990s and the Transformations in Polish Literature . . 312
Women's Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Survival in Russia's Regions . . 330
Bibliography . . 351
Contributors . . 377