Confucius Institute

Acknowledgments . . vii
Note on Translation and Use of Foreign Terms . . ix

Chapter 1 Introduction . . 1
Chapter 2 Violence, Honor, and Manhood . . 21
Chapter 3 Taidong: The Mountains and Beyond . . 58
Chapter 4 Fire and Fury . . 87
Chapter 5 Tales from the Jianghu . . 115
Chapter 6 Wine, Women, and Song . . 176
Chapter 7 Conclusion: Faces of the Gods . . 204

Notes . . 213
Glossary . . 247
Bibliography . . 255
Index . . 269

Acknowledgments . . ix
Notes on Conventions . . xii
Weights and Measures . . xv

Introduction: Travel, Culture, and the Song Literati . . 1
CHAPTER 1 A Transient Life: Travel and the Song Literati . . 19
CHAPTER 2 The Infrastructure of Travel: Water Routes and Official Highways . . 43
CHAPTER 3 Readying for Departure: Paperwork and Procedures . . 69
CHAPTER 4 Government Assistance for Official Travel: Porter-Guards, Means of Transport, and Lodging . . 83
CHAPTER 5 Rituals of Departure: Farewell Parties . . 111
CHAPTER 6 Travelers and Their Local Hosts: Receptions, Entertainment, and Their Cost . . 130
CHAPTER 7 Sightseeing and Site Making: Visiting and Inscribing Places . . 154
CHAPTER 8 Elite Travel, Famous Sites, and Local History: Huangzhou after Su Shi's Time . . 180
Epilogue: The Native, the Local, and the Empire . . 207

Abbreviations . . 211
Notes . . 217
Glossary . . 261
References . . 269
Index . . 289

Preface . . ix
Acknowledgments . . xiii
Introduction . . xv

CHAPTER ONE Individual Agency and Universal, Centralized Authority in Early Mohist Writings . . 1
CHAPTER TWO Centralizing Control: The Politics of Bodily Conformism . . 29
CHAPTER THREE Decentralizing Control and Naturalizing Cosmic Agency: Bodily Conformism and Individualism . . 54
CHAPTER FOUR Two Prongs of the Debate: Bodily Agencies vs. Claims for Institutional Controls . . 77
CHAPTER FIVE Servants of the Self and Empire: Institutionally Controlled Individualism at the Dawn of a New Era . . 104
CHAPTER SIX Conclusion . . 121

Postscript: A Note on Chinese Individualism, Human Rights, and the Asian Values Debate . . 131
Notes . . 137
Works Cited . . 189
Index . . 201

Introduction . . ix
1 The Kiss of Death . . 1
2 The Making of a Revolutionary . . 21
3 A Young Communist in Europe . . 39
4 Building the Infrastructure of Revolution . . 49
5 Birds of a Different Feather . . 63
6 A Rising Star . . 75
7 Trapping the "Chinese Khrushchev" . . 89
8 "Preparing to Take the Test" . . 105
9 "A Man of Both Sides" . . 131
10 A Whirlpool of Absurdity . . 149
11 No Exit . . 165
12 Heir Pre-emptive . . 183
13 Night Flight . . 201
14 Whither China's Future? . . 229
15 Long Knives . . 237
16 From Duet to Duel . . 249
17 Sick-Bed Politics . . 263
18 The Final Battle . . 275

Epilogue: More Power in Death than Life . . 305
Author's Note . . 311
Translators' Note . . 316
Acknowledgments . . 318
List of Sources . . 319
Index . . 331

Introduction . . 5
China in World Astronomy . . 7
Contents of this Book . . 9
Principles of the Translation . . 11
Conventions . . 14

1 Astronomical Reform and Occupation Politics . . 19
Cultural . . 21
Political . . 23
Bureaucratic . . 26
Personal . . 28
Technical . . 30
Conclusions . . 33

2 Orientation . . 35
The Social Organization of Astronomy . . 35
Astronomical Reforms . . 38
The Politics of Astronomical Reform . . 56
Observatories . . 60
Mathematical Tools . . 61
Metrology . . 67
Celestial Motions . . 97
Eclipses . . 106
Stars . . 113
Precision and Accuracy . . 115
The Enigma of Delta-T . . 116
Comparisons with Europe and Islam . . 119
Conclusion . . 131

3 The Project: Origins and Process . . 133
Origins . . 133
The Process . . 146

4 The Astronomers . . 151
Liu Ping-chung . . 153
Wang Hsun . . 156
Kuo Shou-ching . . 158
Chang I . . 160
Hsu Heng . . 161
Chang Wen-ch'ien . . 163
Yang Kung-i . . 164
Ch'en Ting . . 168
Specialists . . 169
Conclusion . . 169

5 The Observatory and its Instruments . . 171
The Observatory . . 171
Predecessors of the Yuan Project . . 176
The Instruments of the Reform Project . . 179
Ming Instruments . . 211
Influence on the System from the West . . 218
Conclusion . . 225

6 The Records . . 227
The Standard Histories and their Treatises . . 227
Astronomical Treatises . . 230
Transmission and Publication . . 234
Studies . .238
Conclusion . . 246

7 Evaluation of the Season-Granting System . . 249
Introduction by the Compilers of the Yuan History . . 249

Evaluation of the Season-Granting System, Part 1 . . 254
1. Determination of Ch'i from Observation . . 254
2. Year Surplus and Annual Difference . . 271
3. Angular Extensions of the Lunar Lodges along the Celestial Perimeter . . 291
4. Tread of the Sun . . 296
5. Expansion and Contraction of the Solar Motion . . 297
6. Slackening and Hastening of the Lunar Motion . . 300
7. Crossing Cycle of the White Way . . 304
8. Day and Night Marks . . 309

8 Evaluation of the Season-Granting System, Part 2 . . 311
9. Eclipses . . 311
10. Corrected Conjunctions . . 367
11. Disuse of Accumulated Years and Day Divisor . . 370

9 Canon of the Season-Granting System, Part 1 . . 389
1. Pacing the Ch'i and Lunations . . 389
2. Pacing the Putting Forth and Gathering In . . 399
3. Pacing the Tread of the Sun . . 408
4. Pacing the Travel of the Moon . . 452

10 Canon of the Season-Granting System, Part 2 . . 487
5. Pacing the Centered Star . . 487
6. Pacing Crossing Coincidences . . 497
7. Pacing the Five Stars . . 516

11 Conclusion . . 551
The Problem of Evaluation . . 551
Accuracy of the Season-granting system . . 557
A Final Word . . 559

Appendix A The Instruments of Kuo Shou-ching . . 561
The Simplified Instrument . . 561
The Celestial Globe . . 566
The Upward-facing Instrument . . 567
The Lamp Water Clock for the Palace of Supernal Brightness . . 567
The Direction-determining Table . . 567
The Template and Gnomon . . 569
The Shadow Aligner . . 570
The Observing Table . . 571

Appendix B The Account of Conduct of Kuo Shou-ching . . 573
Biography . . 573
Water Control . . 574
New Astronomical Instruments. . . 574
The Polar Altitude Survey . . 577
Predecessors of the Reform . . 579
Topics of Research . . 582
New Methods . . 586
Documents of the Reform . . 588
Water Control, Continued . . 590
Biography, Continued . . 590
Character . . 591
Kuo's Uniqueness . . 594

Appendix C Technical Terms . . 597
Named Results, English . . 597
Constants, English . . 604
Named Results, Chinese . . 606
Constants, Chinese . . 613

Acknowledgements . . 616

Bibliography . . 617
East Asian Sources before 1900 . . 617
Secondary Sources . . 623

Index-Glossary . . 651

List of Illustrations . . vii
Acknowledgments . . ix
Preface . . x

1 Strategy and Culture . . 1
2 The Idea of Shih . . 15
3 Ancient Chinese Wars . . 45
4 The Chinese Civil War . . 73
5 The Korean War . . 103
6 The Sino-Indian War . . 131
7 The Sino-Soviet War . . 161
8 The Sino-Vietnamese War . . 185
9 Chinese Strategy: Shih-Strategy . . 215

Glossary . . 233
Notes . . 241
Bibliography . . 279
Index . . 295

List of Tables . . xi
List of Illustrations . . xiii
Acknowledgements . . xxi
List of Abbreviations . . xxiii

Chapter One Introduction: Gender and the Model Works . . 1
The Cultural Revolution and the Yangbanxi . . 1
Origins of the Yangbanxi . . 2
Ideological Foundations of the Yangbanxi . . 7
Chinese Language Scholarship on the Yangbanxi . . 11
English Language Scholarship on the Yangbanxi . . 13
Research on Gender in the Cultural Revolution . . 15
On the Masculinisation of Women and the Erasure of Femininity . . 17
Semiotics of the Theatre as a Tool for Gender Analysis of the Yangbanxi . . 23
Story Synopses:
The Red Lantern (Hong dengji) . . 31
Shajiabang . . 34

Chapter Two Role Assignment and Gender: Resetting the Paradigms . . 39
The Role Distribution of the Central Heroic Characters . . 40
Linguistic Systems . . 46
Props . . 57
Kinesics: Facial Mime, Gesture, Movement . . 66
Music: Vocal Techniques . . 67
Makeup, Hairstyles and Costumes . . 69
Subverting Tradition Through Radicalized Conservatism . . 72
Concluding Remarks . . 74
Story Synopses:
Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy (Zhi qu weihu shan) . . 77
Raid on White Tiger Regiment (Qixi Baihutuan) . . 81

Chapter Three Costume in the Yangbanxi: Gendering the Revolutionary Body . . 85
Fashion Theory and the Yangbanxi: Some Theoretical Issues . . 85
Bodies and Faces . . 87
Hair and Female Beauty . . 90
Costume . . 92
Costume Fabrics and Designs . . 102
Concluding Remarks . . 111
Story Synopses:
On the Docks (Haigang) . . 113
The Red Detachment of Women (Hongse niangzi jun) . . 116

Chapter Four Gender and the Kinesics of Yangbanxi Ballet . . 119
The Classical Ballet Tradition . . 120
The Yangbanxi Ballets . . 121
Gender in Dance Performance: a Methodology for Analysis . . 123
Yangbanxi Ballet Kinetic Analysis . . 125
Roles and Individual Dance Movements . . 128
Interactive Dance Movement . . 131
On Bodies and Sensuality . . 134
Concluding Remarks . . 137
Story Synopses:
The White-haired Girl (Baimao nu) . . 141
Song of the Dragon River (Long jiang song) . . 144

Chapter Five Feminising Leadership in Song of the Dragon River . . 149
The Creation of Song of the Dragon River . . 150
Major Characters and the Plot of Song of the Dragon River . . 151
Semiotic Systems and Codes for Analysis . . 152
Femininity, Masculinity and Leadership in Maoist Culture . . 153
Hairstyle and Costume . . 160
Verbal Linguistic Systems . . 162
Gender Differences in Relationship Management . . 165
Non-Verbal Language Systems . . 170
Props . . 173
Sexuality, Motherhood and Female Leadership in a Masculine Environment . . 175
Conclusions: Female Leadership and the Yangbanxi . . 179
Story Synopses:
Azalea Mountain (Dujuan shan) . . 183
Fighting on the Plains (Pingyuan zuozhan) . . 187

Chapter Six The Yangbanxi Heroine and the Historical Tradition of the Chinese Woman Warrior . . 191
The Woman Warrior in Chinese Historical Records and Traditional Culture . . 192
Mulan as a Model for Women in the Twentieth Century . . 196
Gender, Sexuality and the Woman Warrior . . 198
Women Warriors of the Yangbanxi . . 199
The Cultural Model and Gendered Audience Response . . 210
Story Synopses:
Boulder Bay (Panshi wan) . . 215
Ode to Yimeng (Yimeng song)—ballet
Red Cloud Ridge (Hong yungang) or Red Sister (Hong sao)—Beijing Opera . . 219
Sons and Daughters of the Grasslands (Caoyuan er nu) . . 221

Chapter Seven Gendering the Counter-Revolution: The Feminisation of Villainy . . 223
Symbolic Gendering through Yin-Yang Symbolism . . 225
Cultural Attitudes to Homosexuality in Chinese Culture . . 232
Negative Stereotypes of Homosexual Males in Theatre and Film . . 233
Visual and Aural (Ef )feminisation of the Counter-Revolution . . 234
Hair . . 237
Vocal Feminisation . . 239
Costume . . 239
Kinesics and Proxemics . . 242
The Gendering of Personal Qualities of the Yangbanxi Villains . . 246
Conclusions . . 255

Chapter Eight The Yangbanxi and Gender Identities in Post-Maoist China . . 259

Bibliography . . 267
Yangbanxi Filmography . . 277
Index . . 279

Acknowledgments . . ix

Introduction: Women and Feminism in the Literary History of Early Twentieth-Century China . . 1
1 National Imaginaries: Feminist Fantasies at the Turn of the Century . . 35
2 The New Woman's Women . . 65
3 Love and/or Revolution?: Fictions of the Feminine Self in the 1930s Cultural Left . . 103
4 Outwitting Patriarchy: Comic Narrative Strategies in the Works of Yang Jiang, Su Qing, and Zhang Ailing . . 137
5 A World Still to Win . . 171

Notes . . 201
Bibliography . . 245
Index . . 265

List of Tables and Illustrations . . ix
Acknowledgments . . xi

Introduction: "We Take Practice to Be Our Guide" . . 1

1 Chinese Medicine as Institutional Object and Historical Moment . . 9
The Institutionalization of Chinese Medicine . . 12
Senior Doctors . . 14
Scientizing . . 17
Chinese Medicine Beyond the Institutions . . 19

2 Preliminary Orientations: Sources and Manifestations, Unity and Multiplicity . . 23
Chinese Medicine's Challenge to Comparison . . 24
Cosmogony and Transformation . . 28
Sources and Manifestations . . 32
Understanding Clinical Action . . 36

3 The Clinical Encounter Observed . . 41
Three Case Histories . . 46
Three Illnesses: Translations of Case Histories . . 47
The Temporal Form of the Kanbing Process . . 55

4 Description and Analysis in Kanbing . . 61
Describing: The Four Examinations (Sizhen) . . 62
Analyzing: The Major Classificatory Methods . . 70
Eight Rubrics (Bo, Gang) Analysis . . 76
Illness Factor (Binjyin) Analysis . . 86
Visceral Systems (Zangfii) Analysis . . 91
Four Sectors (Wei Qi Ting Xue) Analysis . . 107
Six Warps (Liujing) Analysis . . 119
Concluding Remarks on Analysis . . 131

5 The Syndrome-Therapy Pivot . . 147
Defining the Syndrome (Zheng) . . 148
Differentiating the Syndrome (Bianzheng) . . 154
Determining Treatment Methods (Lunzhi) . . 161
The Archive, the Past, the Doctor as Agent . . 169

6 Remanifesting the Syndrome and Qualifying the Therapy: Formulary and Materia Medica . . 175
Remanifesting: Formulary and the Production of Prescriptions (Fang) . . 175
Qualifying: Materia Medica (Bencao) . . 190

7 Classification, Specificity, History, and Action: An Overview of the Clinical Encounter . . 201
Illness In, Drugs Out . . 202
Speech and Silence . . 203
Specificity . . 207
Short Forms of the Clinical Encounter . . 211
Yinyang Reexamined . . 217

Conclusion . . 221

Appendix A: Romanization Conversion Table . . 231
Appendix B: Chinese and Pharmaceutical Names of Drugs Used in Cases 1-3 . . 233
Glossary of Chinese Terms . . 237
Bibliography . . 245
About the Book and Author . . 253
Index . . 255

Preface . . vii
A Note on the Pronunciation of Chinese Names . . xi

1. The Middle Kingdom . . 3
2. Patterns of Traditional Chinese Life . . 10
3. Imperial Breakdown and Western Invasion . . 32
4. The New Chinese Republic . . 65
5. Nationalists and Communists . . 88
6. China at War . . 111
7. Creating the New Order: 1949-1957 . . 130
8. The Great Leap and the Bad Fall . . 163
9. The Cultural Revolution . . 189
10. A Second Revolution: The Reforms of Deng Xiaoping . . 219
11. The Era of Jiang Zemin . . 239
12. China in the World . . 259
13. The Fourth Generation . . 277

Notes . . 307
Suggested Readings . . 317
Index . . 323
About the Authors . . 337